Musical Psychotherapy: History, Effects, and Applications

unisonal Psychotherapy History, Effects, and ApplicationsSamah El SaadiAbstractWe all honor harmony as a make of maneuver just now we seldom take into consideration the arrange of the medicament that we listen to. Music therapy is exploitation euphony in a therapeutic manner in rescript to recover or stabilize a mental, physical or psychological state. This review will introduce symphony therapy and trace its origins back in history, and then it will ground an insight on medicine colligate neuro wisdoms explaining what break ups of the headland and neurotransmitters atomic number 18 involved. Music end affect us on many different levels however, this review will focus on the ability of practice of medicine to wait on in psychotherapy. It is important to highlight that the effectiveness power within melody can be either structural or destructive depending on the choice of medicine.Musical PsychotherapyWhat is music therapy and what atomic number 18 the origins ?Everyone sees music as a form of art that they respect playing or dancing on its rhythms as they tend to wear out a preference to certain type of rhythms. besides, seldom do bulk think of the mend of music on their health although with their experiences with music they would know that their favorite type of music can make them look relaxed, happy or even anxious. But make water you ever considered music as a form of therapy? Research showed that music does have an effect on our health and it can be either positive or negative depending on the music, yet these effects are mediated through psychology and neurosciences (News in Health NIH, 2010).Music therapy is applying music as a tool in order to improve, stabilize or restore an emotional, mental, or physical health. It is conducted by accredited music therapists who are able to skillfully use music and music elements in assessing patient parts, developing treatment plans, evaluating progresses and put forward in research (Music Therapy Association MTAO, 2010). Music therapists plan music sessions for individuals or groups and may use active or passive approaches in the therapy depending on the patients need. The therapy may include listening to music, making music, talking almost the lyrics or even writing songs, but definitely it is not restricted to multitude with musical abilities. Since music is accessible everywhere, music therapy is not limited to a place and sessions can be arranged at homes, hospitals, hospices, care centers or any calm place mickle may prefer (American pubic louse Society ACS, 2008). The nonverbal emotional entity of music makes it a universal words that can ease the self-expression, personal development and social interactions which would aid in psychotherapy. Music can al ports have a positive affect on people whether they are ill, disabled or perfectly rose-cheeked (MTAO, 2010).The principle of therapeutic use of music is not new, ancient cultures were certain of music power which for some was startle of their traditional healing practices such as the case of Native Americans (ACS, 2008). The musical power of healing was pronounced in different ethnic ancient inscriptions commonplaceized that of Rome, India, China and Egypt (Music as Medicine, 2014), as it was mentioned in the writings of Greek philosophers such as Aristotle, Pythagoras and Plato (ACS, 2008). However the modern music therapy dates back to World War II when music was used to help in the treatment of soldiers who were suffering from shell shock, and it was in 1944 when Michigan take University initiated the first degree program in music therapy (ACS, 2008).Music related neurosciencesFor many years research was ongoing to infer the means of action of music and why it does have this strong impact on our lives. Since the impact is mediated neurologically, scientists intensively investigated the witticism regions and with the help of the emerge imagination techniques suc h as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) they noticed that it activates un evaluate regions involved in emotions and memory, in step-up to the brains motor regions that are responsible for coordinating physical movements. The neuroscientist Dr. Petr Janata in his recent studies proved that the area of the brain serving as a central hub between music, emotions and memories is the median(a) prefrontal pallium. In an attempt to go through the median(a) prefrontal cortex activity, young adults were subjected to extracts of childhood songs while beingness monitored with fMRI and it was noticed that the activity was optimal when they heard a familiar song that call to mind an emotion or memory (NIH, 2010).Dr. Janata utter that in Alzheimer patients the medial prefrontal cortex is one of the last brain regions to deteriorate, hence this explains why patients with Alzheimer may recall childhood tunes whereas other memories are lost. In further investigation on the medial pref rontal cortex activity, Dr. Allen Braun and Dr. Charles Limb monitored via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner the medial prefrontal cortex in a jazz actor as he vie his music. The doctors noticed that the region was not active when the musician played a memorized tune however, it became active when the musician was improvising concluding that the medial prefrontal cortex also has a role in the imaginative expression of music (NIH, 2010). Going deeper into the music impact on the neurological level, an experiment was done to check the neurotransmitters involved and the time of their release. Via the ligand-based positron procession tomography (PET) scientists discovered that music triggers dopamine release in deuce the dorsal and ventral striatum. Nevertheless, this discovery was not surprising since dopamine is know to be responsible for the pleasure sensation whether due to sex, drugs or hardly music. But the more interesting discovery was the monitoring of the increase in dopaminergic voxels in the right nucleus accumbens (NAcc) preceding a favorite part and peaking when the favorite part was reached. The phase of increased dopaminergic voxels prior to the favorite part was termed Anticipatory phase, as depicted in the figure 1, and it prepares us for the later(prenominal) musical part that we love and will cause the dopamine cheep giving us the pleasure sensation (Salimpoor et al, 2011).To have a go bad understanding, scientists took a closer look on the music itself. Early theories about music argued that we get affected by music through the intensional meanings and mental images that it reflects however, according to the musicologist Leonard Meyer it is the ambiguity and not subtile what the next watch over will be is what keeps us waiting in excitement. Repetitive expected patterns in music is boring and can be annoying the like an alarm clock, hence it is the unpredictable patterns that give us the chills. Meyer stated that the dubio usness is what triggers the release of dopamine as we try to figure out what the next note is. We may be able to predict some of the notes but not all of them and that is what cause our brains to plead for those notes that will unleash the incredulity and completes the pattern, yet these notes are usually spared till the end to keep us listening (WIRED, 2011).Music therapy in clinical trialsNow that we had an insight on the neuroscience that relies behind the effects of music, we should note that music has effects on both physical level and psychological level. Some of the physical effects are enhancing immunity, decreasing anxiety, and altering the blood pressure and heart rate (NIH, 2010), whereas at the psychological level music has the power to alter our mood and aid in psychotherapy. In this review we will be focusing on the psychological effects and its role in psychotherapy.Several clinical trials have been conducted in order to ensure the effectiveness of music therapy. In a clinical trial 46 patients diagnosed with first gear were randomly separated into two groups. Group 1 was subjected to the standard care that includes antidepressant medication, psychotherapy and psychiatrical counseling, whereas group 2 underwent 60 min music therapy sessions in addition to the standard care. The patients were assessed after 3 months and results showed that people who received music-therapy had less depressive symptoms from those who didnt. prof Christian Gold, one of the two flying field leaders, said Music therapy has specialized qualities that allow people to express themselves and interact in a non-verbal way even in situations when they cannot find the words to describe their inner experiences. (Erkkil et al, 2011). another(prenominal) similar clinical trial that was done on 79 patients with low- and medium-grade depression revealed results that reinforces the ones that were retrieved by the first clinical trial mentioned here (Castillo-Perez et al, 201 0).In a clinical trial on 80 schizophrenic patients, 42 patient where assigned to do music therapy for 60 minutes twice a week while 38 other patients were assigned to undergo standard care. After 3-month follow-up the results indicated improvement in the depression status and psychiatric symptoms of the patients (Lu et al, 2013). It is important to note that there is dose-effect relationship in music therapy by which more recurrent sessions would result in more considerable improvements (Gold et al, 2009). keep music be destructive?The power of music is just like any other power that can be either rehabilitative or destructive depending on the usage. Nice music can emanation you up and motivate you, but on the contrary sad or reddened music can be destructive. In a field of study published in 2003 by the American Psychological Association (APA), researchers from Iowa State University examined the effect of violent lyrics by which they made students listen to seven violent songs and 8 nonviolent songs being sung by the same artist and using the same musical style in order to oblige the other accompanimentors, and then they were assessed for their aggressive thoughts and feelings through psychological tasks. The results showed an increase in the aggressive interpretations where Dr. Anderson, a lead researcher, stated that violent and aggressive music makes people biased toward aggressive interpretations, and this form of interpretations will eventually exhibit in aggressive verbal and physical expressions and antisocialism (APA, 2003).What complicate things more is the fact that classification of music as beneficial or destructive can be subjective. In an investigative study 80 people were played the same songs but prior that some of them were told that the music is suicide-inducing and others were told the music is life-affirming. The study shows that depending on the prior labeling of the music the same songs were perceived by listeners as either suici de-inducing or life-affirming, thus it is the censorship and prior labeling that might give songs their harmful effects on listeners (North Hargreaves, 2005). As some people argued by saying that negative music gives them sensation of relief due to knowing that someone else felt in a particular way but was able to recover and be creative enough to express their emotions in such a way, hence for them it is perceived as a form of hope if they were in a similar situation (Baker brownness, 2014).Music therapy immediately and its other potential powersNowadays degrees in music therapy are go more available worldwide as people are decorous more aware of the therapeutic role of music whether it is physical, mental or psychological. There are a lot more potential powers in music yet to be discovered such as its role when played in businesses and retails stores and how it can affect the customers behavior (Yalch, 1993), its effect on fetuses by which some claim that the choice of music of the pregnant women will affect their children later on (Kisilevsky et al, 2004), and how effectively does music help hospitalized patients in recoveries and in lessening their pain (ACS, 2008). Music is an entertaining form of art that is easily accessible to everyone and flexible enough to satisfy different tastes these characteristics makes music a potential power that if people knew how to utilize it correctly, they would be seek a better state of a harmonic life.ReferencesAmerican crab louse Society. (2008). Music Therapy. Retrieved whitethorn 23, 2014, from http//www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/mindbodyandspirit/music-therapyAmerican Psychological Association APA. 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