Brick-clad buildings

The dissertation go come in comprehensively discuss the effectivity of insulators in stabilizing indoor-temperature as an outcome of controlling fondness gain and heat loss particularly with brick-clad structures that argon constructed either with coer form or flavour frame veridicals for its environs. The neutrals of the dissertation atomic number 18 as follows a. To determine the separation properties of bricks b. To comp atomic number 18 and contrast ICF groyne facial expression over character-framed spin c. To measure the effectivity of insulators to control heat-gain or heat-loss.The dissertation will bowl over into the qualities of brick as a expression material and at the same clock discuss the manner by which cladding is installed. Why is the conventional regularity of brick laying more appreciated over the faster new formation of adeptness? Through literature readings, we shall decipher why bricks continue to be the material of choice for many residences. Included in the literature check up on is the relevance of brick as a make material to the present ignore in design and construction.The morphologic capacity of bricks will be analyze and the proponent will discuss the reason behind its shelving in party favor of the more robust reinforce cover (pre-stressed and post-tensioning organisation) and structural blade. The dissertation will also discuss the concept of brick-cladding and rate its relevance to the construction of buildings. Moreover, we shall be determine whether application is better for ICF palisade construction or exceed for timber-framed buildings. Also, we shall try to explore the different insulation presently utilise and the degree by which it affects the total thermal environment.Because of support extremes, temperature plays a genuinely important part in the development of materials that seek to solve the unending problems of heat-gain in summer and heat-loss coefficients in overwinter. Vital segment s of this dissertation include experiments conducted that would ex field of study the data presented in various handbook and manuals. A statistical streamlet method was adapted to quantify known data piece results were construe based on scientific information. The first two objectives shall be indomitable through the use of qualitative data only, which was obtained from available literature.The last objective of this dissertation will be conciliated through an improvised scientific experiment with the data interpreted through statistical testing. Finally, recommendations were discussed on the resolve of nagging issues of zero conservation and the effects of the manufacture of construction materials to ecological balance and the global warming phenomenon. II. Review of Related Literature The ontogeny of bricks In prehistoric times, mans quest for durable furnish from weather elements leads them to find comfort inside caves.Once domesticated and agriculture-dependent for foo d, man reinforced structures do from materials found within his turf. In argonas where timber was plenty, foresten d nearlyings developed, botch up bricks were alike utilise where materials was r are. The Mesopotamians (c. 2000-700 B. C. ) were the first known civilization to use bricks in their dwellings. Brick made during this plosive consonant was a mixture of clay or mud and straws (added for strength) and accordingly sun-dried or kiln dried a product that is rigorously endemic to the region, owing to the scarcity of stones, timber and former(a) building materials (Fletcher, B.1961, p. 50). The Egyptians likewise had their share in the use of bricks as a suitable building material as new advances were made in curing, texture, color and drying techniques. divergent roles of bricks were used to adorn structures, from Temples to mastabas or level off simple abodes (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 13). Hebrew slaves were hired, cruelly dealt and oppressed so production of bricks an d construction of monumental buildings could be achieved. In the end, the domination of the Egyptians culminated with the Hebrews departure to the Promised Land (Christian Community Bible, 1997, p.85). The later part of the seventeenth and the entire 18th one C bricks were utilized as lining for timber framed residences, to serve as insulation against the cold weather, which was later called brick nogging (Friedman, D. 2006). Bricks were fitted in the cavities amidst the vertical and horizontal studs mortar was applied as gummed and finished off with plaster. Thus today, old buildings keep be tardily identified through its brick nogging on the wall and the year it was constructed could probably be determined (Friedman, D. 2006).Brick as a building material played a key-role in the development of Architecture and the building industry for a pass over of over 2,000 geezerhood. Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959), the famous American Architect, found full esthetical expression in na tural materialsbricks included and exploited its potential by using it not only on residences yet also on high-rise buildings. He is credited for the saying in their hands the middling brick became worth its weight in gold. Important landmarks in cities and urban centers are clad with bricks some were imported if not available topically (Larkin Building, n.d. ). At the start of the 20th century modern architecture, the popularity of bricks waned. In its place, cover and brace became the material of choice because of the demand for bigger and taller structures. Brick does not yield the structural capabilities for these structures besides, modernists (Architects) opted for simpler designs and faster construction application. So, buildings of cover, steel and glass replaced brick structures (Beardmore, R. 2006). Overview on Brick Wall Cladding SystemsBrick or hardened clay is literally dull, soporific and devoid of radiant color, yet when placed to adorn buildings, residences or even lobbys, it exudes an aura of sophistication, strength, stability and grandeur not evident in any new(prenominal) building material. Apart from stone, brick is probably the oldest and its resurgence as a choice material has baffled Architects since no comparable material comes close to its character, apart from being cost effective, durable and eco friendly (Wikipedia contributors, 2007a). On timber framesBrick-cladding on timber frames has been with us since the start of the 20th century and continues to be popular in the construction industry. That is why series of innovations defend proliferated particularly in the installation process. Normally bricks are laid out on a stable masonry foundation and piled one over the new(prenominal) with mortar and joint pointing is done using the proprietary pumped schema (Self Build Houses, n. d. ). At every strategic horizontal layer of brick, metallic elementlic element ties are integrated to keep the piles in place and unremarkabl y these are anchored to timber studs.The metal ties hold the brick walls from collapsing over, especially during extreme thermal changes, extreme wind pressure or during earthquakes (Parker, H. 1968b, p. 28). On concrete walls Brick-cladding on concrete or masonry walls is performed simultaneously with the block piling, or can be installed separately on existing walls. Bricks are piled together hand in hand with the concrete blocks and share the same foundation bed but is separated by an air gap that is totally independent of each other. It is like building two walls at the same time, one of concrete blocks the other made of bricks.At every 3rd layer of concrete block, steel ties are laid out connecting both(prenominal) the vertical reinforcementum (concrete and brick) at widths not exceeding 600 mm, this should give structural stability to the installation (Baggeridge Brick Plc, 2003). In cases where walls are constructed prior to the installation of bricks, dowel provisions are m ade at wall points not exceeding 600 mm on center, both vertically and horizontally. Metal ties connected to the bricks vertical reinforcement are then welded to the wall dowels (Parker, H. 1968a, p. 91).If dowels are not provided, workers will drill-in anchor bolt to fort the installation. All metal ties are provided with slot for thermal safari because bricks expatiate over time while concrete does the contrary, shrinks (Parker, H 1968a, p. 256). New brick installation system In terms of brick installation, some methods have been developed to land construction cost and speed-up completion time. One system uses a galvanized steel backing plate that holds a specially designed brick (Baggeridge Brick Plc, 2003) another type employs inter-locking brick empanels and eliminates the use of mortars (Self Build Houses, n. d.) there are still others who have designed options to promote ease in the installation system. This new trends in brick application, though practical and cheaper, have been used only in the mass caparison business, because these types are not designed to endure strong quakes and will closely likely collapse (Dunn, V. 2001). For most residents, if they can spare the cost, would still privilege the real thingthat is to install bricks the conventional look. This sentiment, as shared by many, drives up the resale values of real estate because buildings made the conventional way project an image of durability and a lasting antique appeal.New building technology The use of SIPs, or the Structural Insulation display board was developed as outer wall envelopes on timber-framed structures. It is rattling a wall system combining an Oriented Strand plug-in (OSB) with an insulation panel. It speeds-up construction time, reduces timber framings and meliorates the energy performance of buildings (Wikipedia Contributors, 2007c). The ICF System or the Insulated Concrete Form Wall look is the counterpart of the SIP, but unaccompanied developed for c oncrete buildings.It utilizes lightweight blocks made from either Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) or Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) with a core 4, 6, 8 or 12 inches depending on the structural requirement. The blocks are arranged around the perimeter of the building, structural bars are installed and concrete is pumped into the core, giving a continuous wall of concrete and insulation. Much like the SIP panels, ICF improves the insulation coefficient of buildings (Toolbase Services, 2006). Energy performance Bricks when subjected to accept sunlight absorb a lot of heat which normally takes 3 to 5 hours to dissipate.Thus, when not properly insulated, it affects the inside temperature of buildings or residences, thereby set a lot of strain on the air-conditioning system to raise energy cost. This condition is most likely during the summer months but is preferred during the winter season because it helps arouse room temperature up to about 8 or 9 in the evening (Claybricks & Tiles Sdn. Bhd. 2006). Bricks, the symbol of traditional culture, serve its conclude only as a decorative material. SIP panels on timber-framed structures reduce heat transfer coefficients both during winter and summer time.SIP panels stabilize humidity and room temperatures. It is likewise the most energy efficient wall cladding devised for timber structures. This system of construction reduces timber dependence and helps our ecosystem (Wikipedia Contributors, 2007c). For the insulated concrete form (ICF) wall construction, conduction of heat between the brick and concrete panel is reduced since EPS or XPS insulating material envelopes the wall, both inside and outside, freeing buildings from the general problems of energy capability.The thickness of the EPS or XPS barrier is usually 2 inches, while that of concrete varies from 4 inches to as much as much as 12 inches. If structural considerations suggest that thickness be over step sizes, then special panels are manufactured (Amvic Inc, 2003) . Normal brick cladding systems can be applied over the panels or for added protection, moisture barriers are installed out front bricks are laid directly on the EPS and XPS panels (McMichael, C. 2006). Construction EfficiencyConstruction speed and efficiency in brick cladding is best observe in timber-framed buildings because the system of attachment is easier, thereby work schedule is accurately met (Self Build Houses, n. d. ). onwards bricks are laid, an asphalt based felt-paper or vinyl-based building wrap is stapled to the wood studs on the perimeter of the building as moisture insulation and metal ties are simply anchored to hold the structure (brick wall). The same method is used for plastic shielded galvanized steel backing because it can be screwed on timber studs, so construction time is swifter (WIE, 2004).The contrary is observed in concrete construction. The system proves to be more complex and time consuming. Construction of concrete wall and brick cladding is start ed simultaneously with an air space between the panels besides metal ties are harder to install to further delay construction time. On previously finished concrete walls, the installation is quite like but metal ties are either welded or provided with anchor bolts. It is observed that construction costs are much higher in concrete structures compared to either timber or steel (REU, n. d. ).Brick cladding in concrete walls should be captive to manageable areas since both materials behave in resistance ways. As wall installation ages, brick walls tend to expand while concrete walls contract. For a thirty meters brick wall, total expansion is found to be at the rate of 11. 4 millimeters. Thus, when walls are not provided with expansion joints it buckles and no tot of metal fastener can hold it in place (REU, n. d. ). The brick wall will most likely crack or collapse if the moorings are abruptly released or the concrete wall where it is attached may stick considerable distress (Du nn, V.2001). Every installation should be carefully examine and expansion and contraction joints thoroughly spaced so untoward damage can be prevented. Brick installations over two floors in height are now provided with slip joints to give them (brick clad walls) freedom of horizontal movement during earthquakes. Acoustic Absorption Brick as a material is porous so expect heavy(a) to pass through, it cannot be used to shield confined spaces from outside sounds, nor is it effective in containing inside sounds so that it becomes inaudible from the outside.But when bricks are used in the interiors, it helps control echo, reverberation and standing sound. In short, bricks improve the acoustic rating of a particular room (Acoustics, n. d. ). Brick clad timber framed structures have very poor sound containment coefficients, particularly in containing sounds coming from the outside. While concrete structures with brick cladding somehow fare well since sound transmission is muffled as it crosses through the panels (concrete), it remains a poor sound absorbing material so walls have to be treated with acoustic materials (Acoustics, n.d. ). Bricks are classified according to its degree of porosity, it could be a common brick, a compressed brick or perhaps a firebrick. Each type is designed to serve different requirements. Brick panels installed inside life-time areas or conference rooms not only enhance aesthetic appeal but also improve acoustic resonance. Brick walls absorb soundwhether standing sounds and reverberating sounds and to a degree correct echo and hoo-hah echoes (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). Since bricks transmit sound readily, additional barriers should be introduced to contain sound.If a brick wall is made as partition between rooms, privacy will be totally lost, since others would be privy to conversation made on the other side of the room. Not so much with concrete walls, since concrete walls are naturally dense and when properly plastered is m assive enough to moderate sound transmission. However, it does not have the absorption quality of bricks, so its acoustic resonance is practically nil (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007). The introduction of heavy drapes, carpeting and cushions could comfortably be a good remedy. Durability Without a doubt, brick is the most stomach of all man-made building materials.The specific proof of this are the Mastaba (burial mound) of the Egyptians that was built over two thousand years ago, recently unearthed, but the brickwork inside are still in delicate condition (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 23). In fact brick walls can withstand harsh weather conditions, could be soaked in salt water indefinitely and higher up all the most potent of man-made chemicals do not calculate to have an effect on it. Architecturally, the aesthetic appeal of bricks is enhanced over time as it ages, probably the same as wine since its bask also improves as it matures (WIE, 2004).The abject durability of a monolithi c poured reinforced concrete could not be discounted. Proofs to these are the embankments made during the 2nd gentleman War that continue to exist even without maintenance. In fact plain concrete is a product of the 20th century, although the main material cement was actually invented by the ancient Roman Civilization. Cement during the Roman period was made out of volcanic ash mixed with lime and other substances and was used extensively for their buildings (forums, thermae, collosseums, circus, aqueducts and temples) that house different activities (Fletcher, B. 1961, p. 210).