About Factory Workers: History Essay

Working in factories became a new kind of bloodline experience in Canada between the 1840s-1930s whether it was a clothing, textile, or constancy worker. It was an industry of disaster that seemed to hang for most of those years. There were many strikes at this time by the milling machinery workers ab bring out the working conditions, new machinery that could parkway workers to lose their jobs, and many more. Those years were very hard for factory workers. mill workers included men, women, and children. The hours were long and the pay was very low, working 9-12 hours a day, sixsome days a week. People worked together in large numbers in the new factories along with a lot of noise, smoke and dirt. Accidents in the work place were very common in the factories and if the workers could not set or do their job well, there were many other mint who could replace them.See more Experiment on polytropic process searchThe managers did not care for their safety The managers decided to be more crystallize and breakling with their workers by having strict supervision, clearly stating and following regulations, firmness on fixed hours of work, a system of fines and dismissals, the elimination of unions (groups) and s pretermiting. New immigrants were chosen oer the old immigrants because they thought it would be easier to control them. Women and children that worked in the factories were considered easy to control as well. The workers were treated similar to prisoners. The main industries/factories were in Hamilton, Sault Ste. Marie and Sydney which is where many factory workers settled to live because they were close to work (the factories) and their families lived in those cities as well. mingled with 1880s-1920s, unions were organized, strikes were started as workers tried to illustrate their workplace/factory.There was not as well as much conflict but instead there were acts of resistance, non-cooperation and even counterbalance as workers tried to gain so me control over their workplace. grinder workers lived with their families in crowded, broken down shack/hut, and were often paid in store scrip. Their pay was so low that workers at times were force to search the countryside for food. In mid- January, wages were cute back even further, which is when workers went on strike but soon collapsed because of arguments within the group/union and lack of organization. By March, the conditions had gotten worse and they went on strike again but in conclusion were persuaded to give up. They obeyed and returned to work with very little improvement in their conditions.George Tuckett, a Hamilton cigar manufacturer, reduced working hours, gave regular bonuses and Christmas turkeys along with a free metropolis lot and a cash payment towards a house to workers with cardinal one years of service. He argued that he did not do this out of kindness or generosity, but it should be done because it is good management. grind workers were not treated eq ually. The managers and owners of these factories were very cruel to their workers and cared little for their safety. It was neither upright nor right to treat anyone the way these factory workers were treated and many strikes were formed. The industry destroyed the 1840s-1930s as well as their workers.BibliographyHeron, Craig. Working In Steel. TorontoMcClelland and Stewart, 1988. MacDonald, Michael. Horizon Canada lot 2. Centre for the Study of Teaching Canada Inc., 1987. MacDonald, Michael. Horizon Canada Volume 6. Centre for the Study of Teaching Canada Inc., 1987.

Challenging Behaviour Essay

In this assignment my mystify is to choose 3 ideas from chapters 1-3 of the textbook Understanding Management (Cameron and Bridge, 2012), discuss wherefore these ideas are important and finally describe how I consume started to character them in every mean solar day life this includes aspects of my produce, leisure and home life. My 3 chosen ideas are wound objectives, meter heed skills, and pains management.My starting consequence is the knowing objectives. SMART is an acronym so each of the 5 letters piddle a specific meaning. Some cartridge clips in the workplace it is easy to prove and impose targets that seem extinct of reach. If targets are not earn it butt end some clock epochs be hard to measure whether a target has been met. In order to make it easier to manage the workforces performance clear and concise objectives must be set go down forth.By using the SMART checklist employers can ensure that they lead set relevant objectives. The letters SMART stand for S Specific an employee/team member gather ups to be clear on his/her goal. M Measureable means of measuring = means of control. A Achievable the goal needs to be in reach other a team will not try very hard. R Relevant the objectives need to add up to the overall goal of which the charabanc is responsible. T Time defined. In order to check progress time needs to be specified. (Cameron and Bridge, 2012)I have started to use this checklist in my work especially, as it gives a clear view on day to day goals. As a self-employed construction worker I need to be Specific of what needs doing on a particular delegate. For example, sooner starting a job I need to specify the height, largeness of a wall with the client before work commences. Without these preferences the work that I carried out would be pointless as the client would most promising be disappointed.Measure the overall progress of a projection to be more efficient coterminous time. For example, note down i n a works diary how long a particular job has taken to finish and use it as a bench mark for next time. Without a appearance of measuring progress a team would be insufficient. Liaise with my workforce and set Achievable goals for the days work. denounce targets that are in reach so as not to discompose them. A disheartened workforce would shortfall the progression. Relevance of the tools needed to comprise out the work. At the end of each working day I like to plan ahead and make sure that I have all the relevant tools ready for the next day.Without these the work cannot be carried out accordingly delaying our commitments with the client and generally causing vehemence and turmoil in spite of appearance the workforce. Time defined, the time I have to complete a job as I am often working to a tight schedule. For example some customers need certain work carried out/finished by a certain time receivable to their commitments. For example, lately a client wanted his garden feat ure completed in time before he was admitted to hospital for an operation. Time was of importance due to the clients commitments.My second idea is Time management (Cameron and Bridge 2012). Time management is when you make a conscious decision on how to manage your time efficiently to ensure that you are able to complete each task you undergo with maximum effectiveness and efficiency. One way of improving your time management is to implement the 3 Es when youre planning a task or an activity.The 3 Es have definitely been apply in my own leisure/ hobby of taking on a course. The first E (economy) has doed me in my essay work of firstly makeup a plan. This has evidently helped in the time it will take in the actual essay indite because I have a guide. efficiently I have kept my course work on a PDF on my computer for me to access them more efficiently, this will save time when I need to access them quickly. I will use strong point to use my time wisely, for example not to start an essay 12a.m when my parsimoniousness is at its lowest.Stress Management (Cameron and Bridge, 2012) is my last idea. Stress can come from a number of different places. Stress is what occurs when someone is under a bent of pressure and their health is affected due to not cosmos able to cope with certain pressures. Life is never simple because we will all feel a certain amount of stress at times this is normal however if there is a lot of stress for a prolonged amount of time this is when problems may arise. extensive stress can affect how well you are able to concenter it may impair your judgement and could also affect the standards of work. One of the first and simplest ways to manage your stress is to be aware of it. In the text Understanding Management (Cameron and Bridges, 2012) there is a checklist that allows you to assess your own stress levels. This made me aware of certain things that may have been causing me unfounded stress in the workplace.After assessing my sit uation and considering what could be done to help relieve this I have started to do a few things differently when I am at work. A number of these things involve unassailable planning. A day/workforce that has a plan will have no problems which will feedback no stress on the boss/ coach-and-four (me). My last thoughts are on the importance of what I have acquire from Understanding Management (Cameron and Bridge, 2012). I feel that using the above strategies has evolved my way of thinking for the better in my work, leisure and home life therefore producing a more effective and professional approach to management. ********************************** news program enumeration 973Reference listCameron S. and Bridge K. (2012) Understanding Management, Milton Keynes, the Open University.TMA01 Task 2On experiencing essay writing for the first time since secondary school, I felt the task a bit stressful and daunting. The most pleasant and easiest task was reading chapters 1-3 Understandi ng management in assignment folder and note taking. I enjoyed it in school and enjoyed it now. The most difficult task was remembering to reference and where to reference. I often wondered if I was doing it enough or too much. This was down to no practice and lost touch with pedantic life. Another problem area was conclusion writing. 2.In the future I could research more on conclusion writing and reference writing to make this area a little easier. Also question my tutor. Word Count 115

Canadian Wood Toys INC. Essay

I lead begin by highlighting the splendor of the visit in assessing the risk and marking the measurings in reducing and mitigating the risk that our comp all is facing. The impact of the risks on global production line it is dramatic in our daytimes, changing the entire look of the industries and financial dish ups. several(prenominal) risks could be anticipated and range but around could not. Companies now argon using more and more key steps and principles to better pick verboten the risks by *** localiseing the risks relevant to the organization*** assess the significance and implications of those risks to the business *** identify and establish a function for collaboration on risk moderateness with other organizations and deviateners *** integrate Enterprise Risk Management into the organization *** centralize resources on key risks in order to come across the organizations objectives (Source PricewaterhouseCoopers effective ERM)Under IAA Standard 2120 Risk M anagementThe upcountry examine activity must evaluate the effectiveness and contribute to the rise of risk neckment processes. entrust advisory 2120.C1 states During consulting engagements, internal auditors must source risk consistent with the engagements objectives and be alert to the being of other operative risks. In manufacturing companies, production is usually the most primary(prenominal) aspect of the entire process mostly due to the high hail incurred, the staffing and the complexity of the departments knotted Production is of vital concern to precaution because of the grand risks associated with the process. I cook set some of the most important risks and how to manage the risks to minimize the impact. Along with theproduction process, other areas can be identified as posing risks distribution, finance, human resources I have identified below some of the risks with the highest impact in our companyKEY RISKSMITIGATON (examples)The risk of manufacturing un collectible or substandard productsDetermine the cause of the quality defect (human geological fault or machine) Trend abbreviation reports to address the recurrence of the defectsThe risk of wanting deadlines for toys deliveries at Christmas fourth dimension Review the production scheduling to agree with the item job orders to avoid overproduction of toys that are not scheduled for spoken languageThe risk of labor insecurity potential strikesReview labor contracts and borderline wage government regulations negotiations with union and labor boardsThe risk of unknown ambition on international marketsUse various econometric and statistical analysis to monitor the movement of market interestThe risk of foreign deepenUse a foreign metamorphose contractAccept hire in one currency only (US)Hedging of foreign exchangeRisk of unanticipated or sudden changes in regulations, codes or standards in regards to the exploitation of the wood and equipment and machineries used The company has to be actively involved in the development of regulations, codes and standards to provided improve the safety of the equipment The risk of misemploy to ecology, scenery due to over exploitation of forestry Use environmental palliation programs able to protect and restore the forest Government fire trade protection programsThe risk of accidents in the process of transportation of the logsRegular monitoring of the vehiclesChecking drivers hours of puddle implementing special schedule of hoursRisk of loss of licensing for cutting and harvesting the trees permutation in advance of the licenses, request from government of auditing the harvesting areasThe risk of record and lumbering fire damage and vehicle damage Forestry and timber insurance that focuses on logging and lumbering, sawmills, automobiles and equipment The risk related to the liquidity and payment schedules which could take in to credit losses Establish rules for tendering, levels of approval authority and ru les for credit leadThe risk of reporting erroneous financial information for internal and come forthside decision Use external appraisers to evaluate fair value of assets and properties old managers should assess their financial reports to determine when they require estimates based on significant judgment And ensure that independent expertise is applied in deriving the reportsThe risk mitigation step involves development of mitigation excogitations designed to manage, eliminate, or reduce risk to an acceptable level. Once a pattern is implemented, it is continually monitored to assess its efficacy with the intent of revising the course-of-action if penuryed. I would like to ingeminate as stated in the IAA Standards that the organization should fully control that management remains responsible for risk management. As inherent auditors, we should endure advice, and challenge or support managements decisions on risk, as opposed to making risk management decisions. Below ar e some of the responsibilities that entrust not fall under the audit team climb the risk appetite. Imposing risk management processes. Management assurance on risks. Taking decisions on risk responses. Implementing risk responses on managements behalf. Accountability for risk management.Question 4MEMOTo Director of Internal audit DepartmentFrom . Assistant Director Internal audit while October 06, 2014CCAs requested, I have prepared a plan for auditing the division of Student Services as part of the Central College Institution. I will detail 6 steps in the audit process but firstly I want to highlight the Standard 2200, Practice Advisory 2200-1 that states the requirements for the engagements planning and outlines the steps. Internal auditors must develop and plan for separately engagement, including the engagements objectives, field, timing and resource allocations. The Internal auditor plans and conducts the engagement, with supervisory review and approval1. The first step is To obtain specific cognition of the unit to be audited.In this stage of the process we will ruck up and review the specific documentation that will help us getting more familiar with the division of viands service residential and campus. many of the documents we will be reviewing The annual budget we have information virtually how much the overall budget is (8.9mil.) need to know how much is allocated to the fodder for thought service program and how is spent. Policies and proceduresPrevious internal audit papers and reports proclivity of the staff org chartsContracts with feed suppliersDocumented projects and how the implementation process took place Upon reviewing of the documents we will be able to assess the problems that incurred it will help us identify any managerial mistakes, any miscommunication between suppliers and management if in that respect is decent staffing2. The second step in the audit plan is to Establish the audit objectives and the scope of the audit .At this stage we need to review all the activities involving food service program step by step. This is to identify areas of weakness, why at that place are negative reviews why there is such a fiddling budget allocated to such important segment in the students activity in the campus. Also we will beable to identify whether the appropriate policies and procedures were followed. Is the part time staff working in the 6 food service facilities skilled for the specific job they do? why there is only part time staffing and no full time jobs if there are enough employees considering the large division of food service included 6 cafeterias and restaurants plus residential food service.3. The following step is The audit methodology.In this stage of the audit process we will be able to gather additional information by interviewing individuals involved in all aspects of the student services division. We will be asking questions in order to determine if there are possible weaknesses that ca n have a major impact of the effectiveness of the operating and managing the 6 restaurants and cafeterias as well as the residential food service. We will be interviewing the part time staff about the schedule they have, if there are any complaints, if there is enough coverage at specific time of the day i.e. morning and lunch for the cafeterias and the restaurants. We will be interviewing the students and t individuallyers about the hours of operation of the locations of the food service they should be open late and they are materially destruction early. We will be asking questions about the meal plans and find out if there is anything to improve on4. The adjoining step is Determine the audit criteria.This very important step in the audit program will help us identify some of the criteria we can use in order to better assess the practices in the food service division.BudgetingThe food service division must have a well constituted budget and a cost control in place and oversee n by qualified staff.Price ManagementThere should be a equipment casualty verification policy in place to manage better the expense of meals provided by the restaurants and the cafeteria in comparison to other food providers around the campus (beat the price)Staffingthere must be a criteria that analyze and conform with the labor standards achieve and surpass the minimum wage for the part time employeesFood look and divers(prenominal)itythere should be put in place a more divers meal plan based on the requirements and suggestions from the customers (students divers ethnicity) new standards for nutritional meals are put in place and need to be followedFood locations managementthe standards for cleanliness and sanitation that are put in place need to be followed surveys will be handed out or on line surveys to measure the customer satisfaction5. The following step is Preparing staffing plans and time budgetsAt this stage in the audit plan we are dealing with establishing the budge t necessity to accomplish the audit scope and the staff required to accomplish the plan in a seasonable manner. Since we are dealing with specifics in food industry we have identified areas where there is not enough expertise from our team therefore we require an additional external consultant (possible a nutritionist that possess the necessary knowledge). For the satisfaction survey we will be using the expertise of the actual marketing staff from the service department to create and implement the survey.6. The next step is Communication with managementSubsequently, the audit plan needs to be discussing with the management. We will set up time for a meeting with the management to discuss the details over the purpose of the audit. We need to discuss further about the time allocated to the audit plan and go over each proposal for the relevant criteria that was chosen. In the meeting we will highlight the importance of the management active contribution and support to the audit proc ess.

Key Performance Indicators

severalise murder Indicators Key Performance Indicators be a tool to measure consummation. This may be the murder of an organization or an man-to-man. In the case of an individuals mathematical operation, KPIs contain of, a list of characteristics associated with effective or splendid performance in a particular job role (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010, 20). KPIs clear differentiate to employees what they ar required to accomplish and how success give be measured. KPIs will vary according to the limited roles and responsibilities of a g everyplacenment agency and the goals and objectives of an make-up.They are generally long-term with few changes made over an extensive extent of sequence (Reh, 2013). When writing KPIs a throw up of advert factors or competences considered essential to job performance should be taken into account. They should all the way explain what is to be done and how it will be quantifiably measured. In this way, an employee has somet hing specific to amaze for and is able to track progress and monitor performance (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010). KPIs should be S specific and conciseM measureable A ambitious (achievable even challenging) R think to overall department and enterprise goals T time frame in T trackable or easily monitored (Cole, 2010) KPIs alter individuals to even up how hygienic they are performing and identify areas in postulate of improvement. This fosters individual function for performance and results. Overall, use of KPIs ensures alignment amongst employees deed and the goals and objectives of an organisation (Performance Management and KPIs, 2013).Key Performance IndicatorsKey Performance Indicators Key Performance Indicators are a tool to measure performance. This may be the performance of an organisation or an individual. In the case of an individuals performance, KPIs consist of, a list of characteristics associated with effective or superior performance in a particul ar job role (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010, 20). KPIs clearly specify to employees what they are required to accomplish and how success will be measured. KPIs will vary according to the specific roles and responsibilities of a position and the goals and objectives of an organisation.They are generally long-term with few changes made over an extended period of time (Reh, 2013). When writing KPIs a range of key factors or competences considered essential to job performance should be taken into account. They should clearly explain what is to be done and how it will be quantifiably measured. In this way, an employee has something specific to aim for and is able to track progress and monitor performance (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010). KPIs should be S specific and conciseM measureable A ambitious (achievable yet challenging) R related to overall department and enterprise goals T time framed T trackable or easily monitored (Cole, 2010) KPIs enable individuals to determine how well they are performing and identify areas in need of improvement. This fosters individual accountability for performance and results. Overall, use of KPIs ensures alignment between employees work and the goals and objectives of an organisation (Performance Management and KPIs, 2013).Key Performance IndicatorsKey Performance Indicators Key Performance Indicators are a tool to measure performance. This may be the performance of an organisation or an individual. In the case of an individuals performance, KPIs consist of, a list of characteristics associated with effective or superior performance in a particular job role (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010, 20). KPIs clearly specify to employees what they are required to accomplish and how success will be measured. KPIs will vary according to the specific roles and responsibilities of a position and the goals and objectives of an organisation.They are generally long-term with few changes made over an extended period of time (Reh, 2013). When writing KPIs a range of key factors or competences considered essential to job performance should be taken into account. They should clearly explain what is to be done and how it will be quantifiably measured. In this way, an employee has something specific to aim for and is able to track progress and monitor performance (smallPRINT Australia Pty Ltd, 2010). KPIs should be S specific and conciseM measureable A ambitious (achievable yet challenging) R related to overall department and enterprise goals T time framed T trackable or easily monitored (Cole, 2010) KPIs enable individuals to determine how well they are performing and identify areas in need of improvement. This fosters individual accountability for performance and results. Overall, use of KPIs ensures alignment between employees work and the goals and objectives of an organisation (Performance Management and KPIs, 2013).

Sample Pr Campaign

Communications Plan Addressing Most Pressing Reputational Issues suit up Livestrong Background of current leave set somewhat Livestrong rear dig Armstrong the 7 time Tour De France winner, crab louse survivor and founding chairman of the Livestrong Foundation, has been facing a lot of machinateure and criticism from the media and the humankind ascribable to allegations of doping make by the United States Anti Doping action (BBC, 2012). On October 17 2012 Armstrong resigned as Chairman due to allegation of doping (Mary, 2012).In November 2012, transmit Armstrong officially stepped down from the tabular array of directors and suppressed his friendship with the Livestrong Foundation which was then known as The propel Armstrong Foundation (Mclaggan, 2012 Vertuno, 2012). However, despite this, the opinion of the race towards the Livestrong Foundation is one of prejudice. m both companies who formally endorsed Armstrong make believe dropped him from their campaigns. Som e of these companies were Nike, Trek Bicycles, Giro, FRS (energy products), and 24 Hours seaworthiness (Petchesky, 2012).Various reasons were condition by the heads of these organizations as to why Armstrong was dropped. FRS Chief of marketing commented this seems like a good time to straggle ways piece of music 24 Hours Fitness stated our business relationship with Armstrong no yearner aligns with our companys delegating and values (Schrotenboer, 2012). These and many much(prenominal) statements were make in regards to the doping allegations. Armstrongs temperament and protrude is currently deteriorating rapidly.There be many opinions from segments of society ( such as the normal and the media,) regarding the Livestrong Foundation by and by this alleged soil. hither is a brief overview of the situation from various s labourholders (See Appendix for Livestrong Foundation view) The open The public had varied opinions. There has been one section of people who permit sto od strongly by impel Armstrong and the Livestrong Foundation. They stand by the fact that the establishment is still more or less researching a cure for crabby person and so it get out always be view in the eyes of the familiarity.Lou Hablas has moderateed Livestrong for long time and worn the iconic yellow trinket in honor of his uncle, stepmother and friends who collect disoriented loved ones to crabmeat. The 49-year-old Georgia resident registers hell cut through to wear the gaud despite news that embattled cyclist shot Armstrong is stepping down as chairman of the beneficence he founded 15 years ago. But the flyer of Armstrong leading his Discovery groupmates in the team time trial at the 2005 Tour de France is coming down from his office wall amid news that the U. S.Anti-Doping Agency found overwhelming evidence of Armstrongs involvement in doping as a professional cycler. What move initiated through the formation of a invertebrate foot in his name and effo rts through Livestrong far exceed this formal and seemingly closing recognition of darts fallibility, Cancer sucks and it is ofttimes bigger than Lance Armstrong Hablas said in an interview with CNN (CNN, 2012). The feeling of Lou Hablas mirrors the feeling of millions around the being. While they still continue to strongly support the Livestrong, their respect for Lance Armstrong has diminished due to the doping incident.They are able to separate the footing from Lance Armstrong and the controversy surrounding Lance Armstrong does non change their opinion on the Livestrong Foundation. On the other hand, there has similarly been a turgid segment of the public who have lost their faith in the Livestrong Foundation. Wendy Adams of Manchester, Pennsylvania, and her sisters have been wearing their yellow bracelets since their father was diagnosed with end stage prostate cancer in 2004. When her father died in 2005, the family respected his wish to be cremated wearing the brace let and spent $200 dollars on the bracelets for family and friends to hand out.Now, she says she cant wear the bracelet with pride anymore because of its connection to Armstrong and the organization. She has interpreted it off and vows to never again wear it. She says Lance is Livestrong, he is the face of hope. And when that face is that of a liar, a manipulator, for me? I cant wear it with pride anymore. (Ibid) therefore we see that the public has different opinions regarding the Livestrong Foundation by and by Lance Armstrongs doping scandal. But the vast majority of people are able to purloin between the Livestrong Foundation and Lance Armstrong.They recognize that the Livestrong Foundation is about cancer which is much bigger than Lance Armstrong and the psychiatric hospital neednt obtain due to the Lance Armstrong scandal. The Media The media has been investigating the Livestrong Foundation closely after the Lance Armstrong doping scandal. The Livestrong Foundation has been low intense scrutiny recently. Bill Gifford, a journalist from away(p) magazine, released an article stating that the Livestrong Foundation doesnt in fact do much to fund research to find a cancer cure (Gifford 2012).He states in his article Equally interesting is what the foundation doesnt do. Most peopleincluding nearly everybody I surveyed while reporting this storyassume that Livestrong funnels tumescent amounts of money into cancer research. Nope. The foundation gave out a total of $20 million in research grants between 1998 and 2005, the year it began phasing out its support of hard science. A none on the foundations website informs visitors that, as of 2010, it no longer unconstipated accepts research proposals (Ibid. ).Gifford as well goes on to say that the primary goal of the Livestrong Foundation is to advertise and promote Lance Armstrong as he is the face of the foundation. He says I found a specially fuzzy mix of cancer-war goals like survivorship and globa l sense, labels that seem to entail daubing the yellow Livestrong logo on everything from T-shirts to medical conferences to soccer stadiums. Much of the foundations work ends up buffing the image of one Lance Edward Armstrong, which seems comme il fautafter all, Livestrong wouldnt exist without him.But Livestrong spends massively on advert, PR, and branding, all of which helps defend Armstrongs marketability at a time when hes under fire. Such stakeholder viewpoints illustrate that Livestrong has to be careful in all its approaching endeavors as it is under constant scrutiny due to the doping allegations surrounding Lance Armstrong. This whitethorn have serious impacts related to the loss of Livestrongs personality and hence the challenge is in disassociating the Livestrong brand from its founder Lance Armstrong.The put across must be communicated that Livestrong is about the fight against cancer at a global level, rather than a mere doping scandal by its founder. - The l et out issues identified previously in this report set off the importance of make Livestrongs brand image in a manner that refocuses public attention towards Livestrongs over-arching agenda and manifesto To fight cancer with tendency in the face of adversity.The following communications plan outlining key aims, objectives, strategies and tactic has been produced with this message at heart. The formal severing of ties with Lance Armstrong, are the premier(prenominal) steps taken by the Livestrong Foundation towards this process. - kind 1 central Aims * Identify key stakeholders that are currently affected by the crisis, who it may affect and why. * Refocus public attention towards cancer victims and inspirational cancer grinders supported by Livestrong. Ensure that communication is clear, compelling, continuous, consistent and sustained. * Ensure that consumement, instinct and commitment amongst intimate stakeholders is achieved in relation to implementing strategies and t actics to overcome crisis. promotional short letter Public Relations Objective Honest and sincere cite of the problem Livestrong is facing, the action taken and highlighting the need to focus on the true adversary cancer itself. Strategy Communicate in totality to familiar and external stakeholders within the attached 6 months.Tactics 1) Organising a press conference A congressman that holds a prominent role in the Livestrong Foundation volition address the public. In preparation for the press conference, the example go out be given full media training beforehand in responding to questions by the press such as What is Livestrongs current billet on doping? How does Livestrong plan to attract donations when its founding member can no longer inspire donors or call on celebrity contacts? Who forget lead the organisation now that Armstrong has stepped down?What leave behind be the next steps of the charity? etc. (More questions entrust be prepared for media training, juxta posed towards the launch of the press conference). The Spokesperson provide begin the conference by acknowledging the doping allegations made towards Livestrongs former founder which have resulted in the foundation formally severing ties with Lance Armstrong. The spokesperson go away then, make it verbalized that it was a necessary decision made with the true cause at intelligence Fighting Cancer, which at the moment is not receiving ull attention by the foundation and its public due to Armstrongs doping allegations. The spokesperson will highlight the significant difference made by the Livestrong Foundation in its long-term fight against cancer through conducting educational programs emphasising on healthy lifestyle, anti-stigma campaigns and basic fundraising events all through with(p) in order to raise awareness, increase out go across and accelerate collaboration in an effort to improve the situation of cancer patients.Furthermore, the spokesperson will highlight that i t is important for the public to keep in mind these contri entirelyions made by Livestrong in the fight against cancer and will send away the public to look at two separate people Lance Armstrong the cycling champion allegedly turned drug-user and Lance Armstrong the cancer fighter and symbol of inspiration of which the latter was the reason for Livestrongs success until this point.Not but does Livestrong reach out to cancer patients, but also to those who look for inspiration, object and hope, in their darkest hours of need. After these key points are made, the spokesperson will imbibe the press for a Q&A session. 2) Distributing press releases and run around articles online and offline Firstly, a function of press releases will be distributed to key media outlets (offline) and wired agencies (e. g. Reuters online), raising and addressing same points to that of the press conference.Secondly, let stories focusing on Livestrong Foundation support given to local anaesthetic a nd national cancer victims and their families will be distributed (both online and offline) in local and national media outlets. These stories will focus on an angle showing the termination of the cancer victims, survivors and their families and how Livestrong aids them in this journey through emotional and monetary support essentially, communicating in a compelling way to engage the public with Livestrong.Further, by distributing a considerable number of press releases and feature stories online, it would ensure that members of the public will encounter such stories which focus on Livestrongs positive impact on society, in effect, proving to be a cost effective-method achieving search engine optimisation (SEO). 3) Social media engagement Firstly, a video release will be made (utilising YouTube) featuring the incoming carte du jour chairman of the foundation Jeff Garvey, who outlines the next steps that will be taken by the Livestrong Foundation followed by the severing of ties with its former chairman Lance Armstrong.This would mainly involve giving undivided attention towards the Livestrong Foundation mission in providing free financial, practical and emotional support serve for cancer survivors and their families. This video will then be attached to Livestrongs website, Facebook rascal, peep account and Blog. This will be followed by an invitation to the public to give their impartial opinion about Livestrong and suggest ideas about what steps the foundation could take in order to better contribute to its fight against cancer.In addition, a competition will be affix on Facebook and twitter announcing that the winner who suggests the most creative and engaging idea will have their name as part of the next Livestrong campaign title and the opportunity take part as one of the campaign team leaders. Not only will this type of approach promote symmetrical communication between Livestrong and the Public, but also indirectly suggests that Livestrong i s arduous its best to move past the Lance Armstrong doping scandal and refocus all its energy towards fighting cancer. ) Establishing an Intranet system for internal stakeholders of the Livestrong Foundation Given the possibility that not all members, employees and shareholders may be aware of the severity of the issue concerning Lance Armstrongs alleged doping scandal and the strategic action taken to repair Livestrongs reputation an intranet will be established to provide the latest information on the issue and steps taken to rebuilding Livestrongs brand image in a manner that refocuses public attention towards Livestrongs battle against cancer.The intranet page will be maintained by a trained team who will monitor current problems, predict any future revelations and visualize the movements of public and media opinion closely. This will also provide the opportunity for internal stakeholders to ask questions, post responses, and contribute ideas about the crisis in a community sp here. Measurement and Evaluation Firstly, feedback could be gained from journalists, who will attend the press conference, on whether the responses given by the Livestrong Foundation were sufficient in communicating Livestrongs future intentions and vision purely focused on battling cancer.The press releases and feature stories will be evaluated in relation to how consistent, clear and compelling they are in producing communication outcomes (e. g. Whether the key message was fully, partially, incorrectly, negative/positively, etc. conveyed . In relation to evaluating the level of public engagement with cordial media, they will be measured according to the tone of communication. For example, whether the blog, twitter and Facebook responses by the public, were positive, balanced, neutral or negative.Furthermore, this will also be measured by tracking levels of public engagement. E. g. whether target audiences are Lurking, Casual, Active, Committed or Loyal. The activity on the intran et will be measured in a similar fashion although it would also include tracking the amount of internal stakeholder response within a period of 6 months. Given that the above strategies and tactics are prosperous and meet the objective, the Livestrong Foundation can move towards the 2nd phase which involves creatively utilising the promotional channels of Advertising and Viral Marketing.Note The above strategies were considered after examining the cases of Sony and dingle when they faced a product defect issue where they avoided damages to their reputation through responses received through their established crisis website (Larkin and Register, 200863) Further, the case concerning the rebranding of mountain range the charity organisation for cerebral palsy was also examined in detail (Scope, 2012). - - PHASE 2 Promotional Channel AdvertisingObjective Ensure a new and alter understanding of Livestrong by the public. Strategy Creating a new advertizing to deal out Livestrongs new image. Tactics Two different advertizements will be made for two groups of audiences. 1. Advertisement directed towards the general public This advertizing features a little girl frolicking happily in a garden. The entirely frame is colourful. Suddenly, a monster called cancer appears, and a thunder tempest occurs. The little girl begins to cry in fear. At this time, a large number of Livestrong wristbands appear to fight the monster and protect the little girl.The wristbands pick apart the monster down and sunshine prevails. The slogan Let Livestrong Protect the one You Love then appears . The advertisement will be shot in the style of caricature which makes it simple and easy to comprehend. Even children will be able to understand the advertisement therefore, the target audience is broadened. This inspiration comes from late Startthe campaign which is called up by Welsh government to decimal point smoking in cars. This campaign used children as their starting points and stir people stopping smoking. ((2012). GOLLEY SLATER LAUNCHES FRESH START WALES. Online Last accessed celestial latitude 13th). 2. Advertisement directed towards cancer survivors and their families The second advertisement is aimed at back up people who have suffered from cancer to be hopeful and to trust Livestrong. This advertisement will focus on the reliability of the Livestrong foundation. The advertisement has a desolate and white tone to portray peoples emotion after knowing that they get cancer. This scene will simply focus on the facial shots of people who have just found out that they have cancer. Sad music plays in the background to enhance the affect.After this, the Livestrong wristbands appear. The yellow colouration of the wristband symbolizes sunshine and how Livestrong can brighten the lives of those who suffer from this terrible disease. The advertisement ends with the frame being full of sunshine and smiles on the faces of the people who suffer from cancer. co mputer program These advertisements will be played in public places, such as subway stations and bus stops because it has a wider reach in call of viewers. Some posters with a similar theme will also be used as outdoor advertisements. There will also be a donation box near the screen.This is done because people will feel the need to donate immediately after viewing such a touching advertisement. Prediction It is estimated that 6 months into the advertising campaign, the awareness of Livestrong will increase by 30%. Also, the donation towards the Livestrong foundation will also increase about 10%. Promotional Channel Viral Marketing Objective Increase peoples awareness of Livestrong Strategy Take advantage of social media, such as Youtube, Twitter and Facebook to let more people know Livestrongs new image Tactics 1. Flash MobThere will be several flash tamp activities in target cities, such as London and Manchester, which means organizing about 50 people at the city landmark weari ng Livestrong attire and repeat the Livestrongs slogan. All this will be recorded and broadcasted onto social media sites. This tactic is inspired by the popularity of Psys Gangnam Style. Gangnam Styles smash to popularity is attributed to the effective use of social media through which it gained global recognition. 2. Twitter and Livestrong other activity, mainly to do with Twitter, can also be undertaken.A custom designed poster stating Keep Calm and Trust Livestrong will be posted by Livestrong. Every time the poster is re-tweeted, Livestrong will donate 1 pound towards a cancer rehabilitation center. This action will not only help people who suffer from cancer, but will also pique the attention and interest of the people and increase brand awareness. Platform Social media will be the main platform for this strategy as it is currently more popular than conventional means of marketing. Social media will reach a very wide range of audience from the callowness to the older gene ration.Also, the broadcasting speed of social media is faster compared to broadcasting via traditional means. - Prediction In this six months campaign, Livestrongs exposure rate on social media will increase and people will have more positive aspects to discuss about Livestrong. - Word Count 3,275 References British air Corporation (BBC). (2012), Lance Armstrong receives US Anti-Doping Agency charges. Online open at http//www. bbc. co. uk/ variance/0/cycling/18435771 Accessed 1 celestial latitude 2012.Burleigh, N. (2012), Will Livestrong Stay unbendable? Online Available at http//www. bicycling. com/news/featured-stories/will-livestrong-stay-strong? page=0,1 Accessed 1 celestial latitude 2012 CNN (2012) Livestrong bracelet To wear or not to wear?. Online. Available at http//www. cnn. co. uk/2012/10/18/living/lance-armstrong-livestrong-legacy/index. hypertext markup language Accessed 1 celestial latitude 2012 Gifford, B. (2012), Its not about the lab rats. Online. Available at http//www. outsideonline. com/outdoor-adventure/athletes/lance-armstrong/Its-Not-About-the-Lab-Rats. tml? page=all Accessed 1 December 2012. Golly Slater (2012), Golly Slater launches Fresh Start Wales. Online. Available at http//www. golleyslater. co. uk/services/public-relations/news/news-detail. php? id=976 Accessed 29 November 2012 Livestrong (2012) Livestrong Milestones Online. Available at http//www. livestrong. org/Who-We-Are/Our-History/Milestones Accessed 10 December 2012. Maclaggan, C. (2012) undivided Livestrong cancer charity drops Lance Armstrong name from title Online. Available at http//www. chicagotribune. om/sports/olympics/sns-rt-us-cycling-armstrong-livestrongbre8ae000-20121114,0,6273785. story Accessed 1 December 2012. Mary, P. (2012) Armstrong Is Dropped by Nike and Steps Down as Foundation Chairman. Online. Available at http//www. nytimes. com/2012/10/18/sports/cycling/lance-armstrong-dropped-by-nike-steps-down-as-chairman-of-his-charity. html? pagewanted=a ll Accessed 1 December 2012. New York Times (2012) Times question Lance Armstrong. Online. Available at http//topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/people/a/lance_armstrong/index. tml Accessed 1 December 2012. Petchsky, B. (2012), A full list of the bold brave companies that dropped lance Armstrong only after Nike did. Online Available at http//deadspin. com/5952679/a-full-list-of-the-brave-brave-companies-that-dropped-lance-armstrong-as-an-endorser-only-after-nike-did. Accessed 1 December 12. Regester, M. & Larkin, J. , (2008) Risk Issues and Crisis Management in Public Relations A textbook of Best Practice. London Kogan Page. Schrotenboer, B. (2012), Livestrong Only 8 donors asked for their money back. Online. Available at http//www. usatoday. om/story/sports/cycling/2012/11/12/livestrong-lance-arms trong-doping/1700831/ Accessed 1 December 2012. Scope (2012), The Spastics Society to Scope The story of the name change and relaunch November in 1994. Online Available at http//www. scope. org. uk/sites/default/files/pdfs/History/Scope_name_change. pdf Accessed 1 December 2012. Vertuno, J. (2012) Lance Armstrong Cuts full-dress Ties to Livestrong, Resigns from Board Online. Available at http//www. therepublic. com/view/story/c98e415cc01346f19a7a67a12ead195f/CYCArmstrong-Livestrong Accessed1 December 2012.Wall Street Journal (2012) Statement by Lance Armstrong Online. Available at http//online. wsj. com/article/SB10001424052702303734204577464962634804348. html Accessed 1 December 2012. APPENDIX The Livestrong Foundation opinion of Lance Armstrons Allegations The Livestrong Foundation was initially very supportive of Lance Armstrong during the doping incident. However, Lance Armstrong stepped down from the board of directors of the foundation and ended all association with Livestrong. This was done to ensure that the negative publicity directed towards Lance Armstrong would not affect Livestrongs popularity.The incoming board chairman, Jeff Garve y, said that Armstrong was distancing himself from Livestrong to protect it against any damage resulting from his doping controversy. Lance Armstrong was instrumental in changing the way the world views people affected by cancer, Garvey said. His devotion to serving survivors is unparalleled and for 15 years, he committed himself to that cause with all his heart. (The New York Times 2012). Livestrong chief executive officer Doug Ulman, a cancer survivor himself, sees the scandal as little more than a sad perplexity from a noble cause, and he sees no need for a formal distancing from Armstrong. This organization has never been stronger in terms of fulfilling our mission and the support that we receive from literally millions of people, he says. We are trying to tackle a global problem, the number one cause of devastation around the world. And so the investigation unfortunately has become a distraction from our mission. We are literally, positively changing lives every day and we have so much more to do and to be pulled away and distracted even for 10 minutes is

Personal Income Expense Statement and Budget Essay

2.1Personal income resignmentAnnual wages$75,000Monthly Gross reconcile $6250federal official Withh matureing $265Social Security $238Medic be $56 atomic number 20 accede $149Net Monthly cave ins$5,5422.2My estimated monthly cipherMy family comprises of three family members expenses, which is me, my wife, and our ane form old son. We live in an apartment in California.Estimated monthly Expense centre ($)Rent 950Child simple machinee 0Food 500tax incomees 311Gas ccElectricity nib 90Internet run & Ph ane run 50Grocery 400My school tuition 2250clothing 30Transportation, Car maintenance & Insurance 300Emergency Fund function 70Masters degree parsimonys account parcel atomic number 6Entertainment, Gym membership one CRoth IRA carbonMiscellaneous 80Total expenses 5,531Net income reach 11Detailed above argon my income statement and my estimated monthly cypher. As much as my compute is small, I al slipway aim to maintain it at the manageable level to exclude dr experien ceing in debts and even making whatever savings according to my curt enclosure and pine term goals. My yearbook salary is $75,000 which translates to monthly unrefined render of $6250. There are other charges levied such as national withdrawing, amicable security department, Medicare and California state levies bringing my net catch up with to $5,542. match to Randal (2007), housing is the most expensive specific in California State. With an annual salary of $75,000 before tax, considering purchasing a phratry is a gravid idea. As much as buying a ho social function is one of my extensive term goals, I conception budgeting and planning for it after acquire a nearly paying job or after establishing my blood line and making it successful to cater for purchasing a home. Therefore, with my net monthly salary of $5542, I opted for $950 rent for my apartment for my family. This is the average rental prices in my neighborhood since it is safe and it is not as well as e xpensive.California State is a region that is hard getting around without a car and indeed far devourion forms part of monthly budget. My 2007 Toyota corolla car is reliable and uses fuel efficiently estimated at $164 per month, even with the soaring flatulency prices. My car uses 1 gal per 29 miles and I drive to work and school periodical at an estimated distance of 20 miles each way, translating to 40 miles daily, and five times per week. With spare driving on weekend when going out for enjoyment or even vacation, the estimated monthly driving is calculated below40 miles daily 30 days per month= 1200 miles1200 miles per month/29 miles per gallon=42 gallons of fellate per monthCost per gallon $3.961 42= $164I take a crap a right(a) driving record, combined with my cars obligation insurance costs of $30 per month and car maintenance, my monthly transport cost is estimated to be $300With a family of three, food is major item in my budget. With $500 I am able to feed my f amily well because here in California, we absorb several regional markets competeing with the common top-notch markets. Averagely in the regional markets, the fulls prices are much or less 40%-60% cheaper compared to the chain markets and they drivel many items enquireed in the house manage snacks, cleaning supplies, instruments and tooth pastes among others.I installed naked DSL for only DSL and this provides me with full internet connectedness work at $40 per month. Furthermore, I went for pre paid predict services from T-mobile at $10 per month. This brings my monthly expense for internet connection and phone service per month to be $50.Californian weather is always good all year round and generally electricity is low, estimated to be $90 from my past average electricity bill of five months. My apartments pay for water and trash services. Similarly, I do not consume much gas and therefore a budget of $200 is enough per month. Moreover, I do my monthly cloth shopping at Old Navy and sometimes at Ross since they provide discounts and their cloths are of quality.As part of my all of a sudden term goals to live healthy lifestyle, I make believe enrolled in a nearby gymnasium for my workouts three times per week. Moreover, as part of my entertainment I go out for few movies, go for some camping trips and eat out occasionally. Moreover, I make good use of free places like the beaches for my entertainment and therefore, an estimated budget of $100 is enough.Planning for my retirement and having resistance in coming(prenominal) is similarly part of my want term goals. Similarly, batchting away emergency funds in a savings account to garter in resolving emergency situations swiftly was part of plan. My estimated monthly budget has catered for savings in form of Roth IRA is $150 and emergency finds contribution is $70. Moreover, I also save for my Masters degree procreation that I plan to pursue after my undergraduate studies wit $100 per month .Lastly, Childcare is free in California State and is sponsored by the state government and therefore is nil in budgets. I also pay my tuition fees of $2,250 per month for my studies. Lastly, I do budget for $80 for conglome ordinate expenses in addition to taxes of $3112b. Managing LiquidityPlan to manage financesCash wariness according to AAT (2013) refers to concentration, collection and disbursement. My plan to manage my cash balances in a manner that satisfies my budget, maximizes cash availability and avoid risks of debts2b.1Types of accountsIn management of finances, I forget use ING Direct since they volition be providing me with online pay services, savings services and checking services. Furthermore, the testament allow me to realize wedge shape- accounts so that I fanny make savings for specific goals.2b. 2Tools and bring in maintenance of budget each monthBecause they offer many services and tool, I allow for use ING Direct as my primary tool for budgeting. I allow for be setting aside some notes in specific pools of sub accounts, transfer the capital back and by automatically, and set up automatic payment of bills. These tools provided by the ING Direct money box go away allow me to manage my finances effectively.The process in which ii go forth use in maintenance of my budget is a clapperclaw by tint process as outlined belowI will first of all get an account with the ING Direct because it has online checking and glide path to savings in addition to pay bill.The second step will be to set up an automatic bill payment for my bills per month. This subject matter that for every regular bill per month that I look at, I will set up an automatic payment of bill for that particular bill so that I do not have to worry about paying it when it is due. This will be done by creating the specifying the date and come to pay it, and payment will be made automatically on that regular dateI will also create a sub- account for each saving go al and irregular bill. This one will be for the other bills that usually come after several months has passed and sometimes crunch the budget such as my car insurance and gas bill. Similarly, I will set up sub accounts for specific saving goals such as my emergency funds, my Masters degree education and long vacation to France after my graduation. For these I will create sub accounts to set aside some money so that when their bills come however immense or small they are, I am ready. These sub accounts I will give them names to identify them as my distinct funds such as emergency funds, Masters Degree funds, car insurance, Gas bill, and France Vacation.From there, I will set up an automatic money transfer into these sub accountsMy next step will be to pay the bills as they come. This will be done after setting everything well and only be with the responsibility of paying the bills as they come in. I will be paying my bills by 5th every month. I will check over that I am on top of the incoming bills so that I do not get fined for late payments. Since I will have set most of bill payments to be handled by means of automatic transfer, I will not have many things to deal with therefore few bills every month will get my attention.The fifth and the last step that I will do is that I will apply for debit batting order from Electric Orange checking services of ING that also functions as a reduce card to centralize completely all my spending. The debit card will be useful for regular grease ones palmss of household things like groceries. alone these tolls and process will create a centralized view of my daily using up and also form the core of my budget.2b. 3Analysis of the online monthly budgetAnalysis of my current monthly budget was done under somebodyal income expenses and budget. From the analysis, my monthly pull in pay is $6,250 and net monthly pay is $5,542. Moreover, my estimated total monthly expenditure is about $5,531 with a net gain of $11.2b. 4H ow and why my cash flows impacts the boilersuit goalsMy short term goals include Building emergency funds, get a job after my bachelors degree, to study masters after my graduation, go for a two week vacation in France, build my somebodyal growing goals, and fitness goals. On the other hand, my long term goals include having my own business, buying a luxury car for my family, buy a house, pay college education for my tykeren, and save money for my retirement.My cash flows impacts my short term and long term goals signifi hindquarterstly and in diametric ways. My estimated monthly budget caters and also considers my short term and long term goals hence impacting them positively. For instance, my estimated monthly budget has set aside $70 per month for emergency funds, $100 per month for my Masters degree, $100 per month for my entertainment and gym membership to carry through the lifestyle short term goals. Lastly, retirement funds also have a share in my estimated monthly budget at $100 under Roth IRA.The contribution towards achievement or realization of the goals is underway through fiscal support. This is evident from my estimated monthly budget. Probably after completion of masters degree, the kitty cigarette be changed to children college fees to start saving the future college fees for my children2c. Credit ManagementDevelop a budgetAccording to Bullivant (2010), a person who is in financial debt need to first conduct a realistic assessment of the amount of money they take in and their expenditure amount. I use different ways in management and usage of doctrine. First of all, when I have a debt, I list all my fixed expenses. These are expenses that are the aforementioned(prenominal) each and every month such as the insurance premiums, car payments, my tuition fees and rent. Next, I do list the varying expenses like the clothing, entertainment and groceries. Listing down of all my expenses including te insignificant ones is very indwelling in track ing down my spending patterns, prioritize the rest and in identification of the necessary expenses. The main goal of my first step in quote management of listing of expenses is to ensure that the basics are richly settled such as my education, insurance, food and housingContacting the creditorsWhen I have a problem of paying the debts as agreed, I speedyly linkup the creditor and explain to them why it is difficult for me paying the debt on time. I and then try to adjust and modify my payment plans to levels that are manageableSecured creditsIf I have secured loans such as car loan and I am unable to pay it on time, I will sell the security (the car) and settle the debt rather than waiting for the creditor to reposes the car and sell it at an added cost. Similarly, if it is a mortgage, I will contact my lender to avoid foreclose2c. 2Development of debt step-down processes after graduationCredit advise I will go for credit counseling in any reputable organization or financial formation for advice on management of debts and money, assist in budget development, and for free educational workshops and materials. These counselors who are trained and certified in budgeting, debt and money management, and consumer credit will discuss with me my financial situation, and to help me in develop a individualized plan for solving my money problems2c. 3Appropriate uses of credit and debit teaseCredit cardsOnline shopping-when shopping online credit card is the safest option because the insurers of the credit cards watch for fraudulent charges. It can be reversed quickly if its detected by the holder tour debit cards are not protected in some instances like cash paymentsWhen making large electronic purchases- they are convenient is large electronic purchases in addition to offering warranty protectionWhen on a vacation or travelling-it is suitable when away from home and it also adds anti-fraud protection. Moreover, by using credit cards during travels one can ge t perks such as cash back on purchases, give away flyer miles, and discounts on the rental cars. Lastly, they are convenient for travel companies, airlines and hotelsII.Debit cardsFor immediate payments since transactions are simultaneous and is the fastestWhen finances on the budget are automated-this is suitable for luxury and personal purchases and the card holder can use it as much as they want so long as they are within the budget. The card cannot work no more and this is advantageous since overdraft fees will not be incurredIf recovering from poor habits of financial management or watching the finances. This is because credit cards are rotten for some people in money management or hold within their means.For best hostile currency exchange rate-it offers the current in large quantities exchange rate especially when a person travels to a foreign country.2c. 4Credit scoreA credit score according to Weston (2012) is a numeric representation of a persons credit memorial and r anges between 300 and 850. The factors that impacts credit score includePayment history- late credit card payments of skipping alter credit score while payment of credit card balances and bills on time and in full results to higher scoreOutstanding debt- it is good to use 25% and below of the available credit. Moreover, the more credit cards a person has that have been maxed out, the lower the credit score (Rich, 2013).The space of time for building credit- a person with a longer history of credit has a higher credit ratingThe credit cross number of inquiries- more credit report inquiries will show up from the number of times a person applies for loans or credit cards. A higher credit report inquiry is an indication that the person is assay with debt even if they never got a loan or used the cards (Rich, 2013).How I check my your scoreI usually check my score from AnnualCreditReport.com once per year for free. The website asks series of questions ranging from personal informatio n, state, questions related to my financesI also use Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) website at MyFico.comLastly, I also sometimes purchase my credit report from the credit Bureaus directly in USA which are Experian, Equifax and TransUnion.Importance of having good credit scoreGood credit score makes it possible for banks to show up debit or credit cards, stores to accept checks and companies to manage their operations (Servigny & Renault, 2004).2d. Tax ManagementThe applicable taxes to me as a unify person with one child filling a joint tax forms are listed belowFederal tax. 25%State tax. 7.5%Income tax 6%Social security tax. 6.2%Medicare tax. 1.45%Taxes in California State and United States vary and are categorized into different brackets. The tax brackets include age, single, head of household, married and pay tax on an individual basis or married and pay tax jointly. With my annual salary of $75,000, married with one child and paying tax jointly with my wife, I pay federal tax of 25% and income tax of 6%. However, the state tax, social security tax and Medicare tax are fixed in California state and cut across every citizen of all ages, whether married or not.The taxes from my income take a large percentage from budget annually and this also hampers my coronations progress and my economic plans. My budget has incorporated some of my long-term and short term goals and I am forced to contribute minimal amounts because of the compel taxes according to the law.2d. 2Incorporating tax strategy into budget and financial goalsBuying and safekeeping- a person is liable to pay tax on managed funds or shares held for one year or less at the regular rate of income tax. However, holding the assets for more than 12 months receives a discount on the capital gain of up to 50%Using tax efficient funds- making investment on funds like index funds which has low upset ca reduce the liability of capital gains, and improves a persons after tax returnsInvesting in retirement plans- a person can make contributions from their pre-tax salary so that the money is taxed at a very low concessional rate instead of marginal tax rate (Broomberg, 2013).ReferencesAssociation of Accounting Technicians. (2013). Cash management. London BPP Learning Media Ltd.Broomberg, E. B. (2013). Tax strategy. Durban Butterworths.Bullivant, G. (2010). Credit management. Farnham, Surrey, England Gower.Randal OToole (2007). Why California Home Prices are So High. ONLINE Available at http//www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-california-home-prices-are-so-high. Last Accessed 21th October 2014.Rich, J. (2013). Improve and increase your credit score Credit management strategies that will save you thousands. modern York Entrepreneur Press.Servigny, A. ., & Renault, O. (2004). Measuring and managing credit risk. New York McGraw-Hill.Weston, L. P. (2012). Your credit score How to improve the 3-digit number that shapes your financial future. Upper saddle River, N.J FT Press.Source do cument

Airlines & low-priced transportation Essay

Airlines ar now in the commodity business as the public demands inexpensive transportation. It has moved from elite to a common form of transportation. Today the travelers be well informed ab pop how to surf the web for bargains through numerous sites such as Sidestep, Orbitz, Expedia, Travelocity, Hotwire, and Cheap tickets. As a commodity, flight paths can non annex prices to increase profits, so they ar only left with the choice to cut direct costs such as labor costs. Amid the competition, airlines have refocused their attention on the customers.The industry still heavily targets frequent flyers, as members can take a crap miles through traveling, car rentals, hotels, and credit card use. Since deregulating, airlines have had the same price hazard as companies in other industries had and airline pricing thus, do pricing very complex for the normal customer. The fares and freight rates were preen in accordance to the response from both the customer demand and the price s of competitors. Consequently, fares transmute much more frequently than they used to in the past and passengers seated in the same section on the same flight a great deal pay different prices for the same seats.The setting of fares is difficult to understand for few travelers but makes sense to the airlines keeping in mind that seat on a particular flight is of different value to different people. For the airlines, the header objective in setting fares is to maximize the revenue from each flight, by offering the right mix of full-fare tickets and various discounted tickets. Discounting which is very low against flea-bitten demand for the flight and the plane leaving the ground with a wide add of empty seats result in loss of revenue generating opportunities for that particular airline.While too much discounts can sell out a flight far in advance and prevent the airline from booking last minute passengers who are highly likely to be willing to pay higher fares which is als o another revenue opportunity lost. Deregulation of the airline industry has largely been a success with collapse service and better pricing for the traveling public. The benefits of deregulation have not yet been fully realized but in an ideal world, deregulation should result in an open and competitive environment in which inexpensive and new-fashioned entrant airlines can compete on a take playing field with the bigger carriers.Nevertheless, with major carriers controlling entrances at gravestone points, a significant barrier to entry is formed that reduces competition and the number of new entrants into a market. With the number of airline mergers over the past years, larger carriers ended up with the majority of leased gate at authorized airports, which became the carriers hubs. In some cases, these gates were not cosmos fully utilized, but were withheld from competitive carriers trying to obtain space to fertilise their operations.However, with the financial troubles c urrently being experienced by larger carriers, gates at larger airports are freeing up and the smaller, low-cost providers are moving in. Recommendations The airline industry has stretchd on the path towards globalisation and consolidation, very much similar to other industries. The airline industry has achieved this by the mergers and cooperation among the airlines and breaking all barriers to restrict any airline from operating in a particular region.It has been predicted that by 2010 there will be an broad growth in the number of passengers and due to which the future will concur many challenges for the European airlines. Prosperous and achieving airlines will be only those which continue to undertake their costs and advance their products, in that way securing a unafraid presence in the world aviation markets. Thus, European Airlines should consider winning measures which will revolutionize its existence in the market adoption of new trends, creating a blue-ocean strategy and partnering with other airlines to provide quality service.

About Boosie

It was notorious for drugs and violence, a place feared by the general population. Boosie grew up with his momma and dad who nick prepared him after the 70s funk legend, Bootsy Collins. Although being raised by two of his parents was a rarity in his neighborhood, Boosie still struggled with dysfunction inside and extracurricular of his home. Around the beat he was starting high school, Boosie decided to bring clean on wax just about some of the trouble he was getting into, l started rapping on tracks whenI was like 14 or 15, I was rapping before that merely I Just didnt let anybody know cause I thought I wasnt good enough. At fourteen historic period old, Boosie go in to live with his grandmother after his father was murdered in drug-related activity. 2 Boosie became very involved in basketball to stay off the streets tour attending high school and was actually expected to move on to college level basketball, but his involvement with drugs got him expelled from school. Aft er being expelled from school, Boosie became near about his music.Consequently, Boosies residency in verge Rouge, hich lacked a music scene, disadvantaged him from creating a diverse set of contacts and subsequently a lack of exposure. A interchangeable friend of Boosie and local rapper, C-Loc, introduced the two and before Boosie k unseasoned it, he was recording his homespun raps in a professional studio. Lil Boosie Mobile Desktop Content is operable under CC BY-SA 3. 0 unless otherwise noted. Terms of use screen Search Wikipedia Lil Boosie Birth name Torrence Hatch Born November 14, 1982 (age 31) Origin billy Rouge, Louisiana, U. S.Genres Southern hip hop Occupations Rapper Years active 998-present Labels Trill, Asylum, mischievously Azz pleasure, WMG quarterociated acts C- Loc, cater C, Webbie, Foxx, LoLa Monroe, Trae Tha Truth, C-Murder Website BoosieJustice. com Torrence Hatch (born November 14, 1982), better known by his stage name Lil Boosie, is an American rapper from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 1 Hatch was go aroundowed the nickname Boosie by his family, and he was raised in southside Baton Rouge. He is currently serving time in the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola) Hatch was sentenced to eight years after pleading guilty to drug charges.I was like 14 or 5, I was rapping betore that but I Just didnt let anybody know cause do-it-yourself raps in a professional studio. 3 1998-2001 camping area Life & Youngest of tha Camp Boosie became serious about his music, deciding to become a professional rapper. Lil Boosie teamed up with Baton Rouge rapper C-Loc in the late 1990s. He started off as the youngest member of the Concentration Camp at the age of only 14. Boosie get together the Concentration Camp group in 1998, after the squeeze out of the groups molybdenum studio phonograph album Concentration Camp II Da Halocaust. He worked with rapper C-Loc and theCamp made his debut on C-Locs fifth album, Its a chance in 2000 under his old alias Boosie and Concentration Camp terzetto studio album Camp Ill Thug Brothas in 2000. currently after, he emerged Youngest Of Da Camp, his debut album in 2000 on Camp Life Entertainment. The album spread like wildfire, and was widely known in Baton Rouge. At the time of this albums recording, Boosie was only 17 years old. The album production was mostly handled by Happy Perez. The album featured C-Loc, gunk Minelli & Donkey and more. After the incarceration, Boosie once again turned back to the streets.Ultimately, his demeanour led to him besides being incarcerated. The album exchange 13, 000 units. 2001-2003 Trill Entertainment & For MY Thugz At this point, Boosie felt as though he was a failure. However, want lent Boosie a hand, and Boosie had an opportunity to Join an up-and-coming record denominate called Trill Entertainment which was backed by its CEO the late pander C of IJGK in 2001. Trill signed Boosie and assisted him in deliverance his legal issues to an end. Soon after, Trill independently released his debut album For My Thugz as his new alias Lil Boosie in 2002. 1 This release went on to sell everywhere 15,000 copies. As of 2013, the album has sold 90,000 copies, according to Trill Entertainment. The album features Pimp C, Young Bleed, Webbie and more. 2003-2005 Ghetto Stories, Gangsta Muzik & Warner Bros. Later in the summer of 2003, Pimp C teamed up Booste to co-star with one of his commemorate-mates, Webbie, on the album Ghetto Stories. The album also went on to sell well over 15,000 copies. As of 2013, the album has sold 120,000 units. In 2004, Lil ie & Webbie released T II Azz Mixtape & Trill Azz Mixes II. They treestyled over the hottest songs of 2004.Boosie paired up again with Webbie, to release their econd compilation album, Gangsta Musik. This is what really gained him popularity. According to Trill, the album sold 320,000 copies. Boosies talent was now undeniable, and he caught the eye of some Universal medical specialty Grou p representatives. In 2004 Lil Boosie South Coast Coalition released Both Sides of the Track. January 1, 2005 Boosie teamed up with Lava House Records to release United We Stand, Divided We Fall. He also released lane Code with Pat Lowrenzo. In 2005, Lil Boosie release badly Ass (Advance) to supercharge Bad Azz. In late January 2005, Boosie signed a deal withWarner Bros. Records. 2 2006-2008 Bad Azz Survival of the Fittest In early 2006 Trill release Bad Ass Mixtape Vol. l as a follow up to (Bad Ass Advance). In 2006, Boosies major adjudicate debut album Bad Azz was released. 1 It contained the single speed featuring Yung Joc. A Bad Azz DVD followed where the rapper explained the death of his father imputable to drugs and his fght against diabetes. Late in the year, the passagewayz Iz Mine mixtape appeared in cooperation with DJ Drama. In 2007 Lil Boosie release Bad Azz Mixtapes Vol. 2. In 2007, Boosie & Webbie was on the remix f pass across Me Down by rapper Foxx.It was pu t on the Trill Entertainment compilation album Survival of the Fittest, which was released in 2007. In 2008 Boosie release Da Beginning Mixtape. At Lil Boosie 4th Of July Bash party he past out his new mixtape 4th Of July Bash. December 2008 Lil Boosie release Lil Boosie Presents Da Click which feature Da Click consist of Hatch Boy, Locco, Quick & Sleek. It also popularized Lil Boosies career as well. In 2008, Lil Boosie was featured on the single Independent by Webbie and was among some(prenominal) rappers to be featured on Out Here Grindin by DJ Khaled. 09 Superbad The Return of Boosie Bad Azz Bad Azz Entertainment In 2009 Boosie released The Return Of Mr. Wipe Me Down as a promotion mixtape to his second major album. In 2009, Lil Boosie released the follow up to Lil Boosie Presents Da Click called Da Click Street Kingz. In 2009, Lil Boosie released his second major album Superbad The Return of Boosie Bad Azz. The firstborn single from the album, Better Believe It, featured Web bie and Young Jeezy. There were promotional music videos from the album such as Im a Dog & intimate as a Goose. alike in 2009, Lil Boosie had presented his debut label Bad Azz Entertainment.Lil Boosie released Thug Passion on his Bad Azz Entertainment label in 2009. Lil Boosie release Category 7 Bad Azz Hurricane with Hurricane Chris and Untouchable with LoLa Monroe. Lil Boosie also released The 25th Hours mixtape which on the interlude he speak on his prison term. 2010 Incarcerated In 2010 Lil Booste & C-Loc his former CEO release Unbreakable as a Compilation CD. ie nas announced while ne is still in prison on charges ot murder and conspiracy, and potentially facing the death penalty, he wants to move forward with his hip hop career. Boosie released his fourth studio album, Incarcerated, onSeptember 28 on Asylum Records. According to MTV News, the project is almost entirely produced by B. J. , although Mouse on Tha Track did some work on it as well. Webbie, Foxx and Lil Trill ar e among the featured guests. 4 Lil Boosie released Gone Til December in 2010, which is a mixtape album consisting of new music. Bad Azz Entertainment released ShouldVe Been My Beatz. Lil Boosie released 22504 with B. G.. In 2011 Quick release Hit After Hit 3 with Lil Boosie. In 2012 My Brothers Keeeper was released with Money Bagz & Quick. Also Under Investigation was released as a free ownload with Ray Vicks. 013-present TBA In January 2013 Lil Booste spoke on his prison sentence and said, On September 13, 2013 it was inform that, Judges related to his case agreed to return Lil Boosie, his hard drives and his computers. The equipment contains a lot of music he had recorded before going to Jail, which could expiry in new music from him prior to his release. Jeff Weiss, who covered Boosies trial for wheeling Stone, also reported that Boosies attorneys believe that he will be released inwardly the next five months. 5 Read in another language refinement modified 13 hours agoEarly life Music career I direct about 500 songs at the moment. I feel that Im making the best music Ive ever made. The more I go through in life the better my music gets and its been crazy the last three years. I keep my music heartfelt and stick to making real music. I wouldnt even say its articulatio coxae Hop music. My music is truthfulness rap. Hip Hop music can make you dance and bob your head, but it cant make you cry or touch your heart like reality rap.

Advantages of Geothermal Power Plants

Advantages of Ge o thermal authority Plants geformer(a)mic strength instals atomic number 18 employ for action of electric caral aught from geothermic life force. The tralatitious thermal propvirtuosont plants need fuel for generating electrical vital force while geothermic powre plants dont need fuel. Here ar some of the re handss of generating electricity from geothermic free vim. Advantages of apply geothermic Energy for Producing PowerGeothermal energy is the energy fundd be impression the earths encrustation. Due to rut below the earths crust pee gets lovingnessed and in like manner some quantifys gets born-again into locomote. This calefactive body of irrigate and go tail be spendd for generating electricity. Here ar the benefits of using geothermal energy for producing electricity 1) No fuel is required The thermal and nuclear ca social occasion plants use dodo and nuclear fuels respectively to light up urine and generate goer for toil of electricity.The geothermal office staff plants use the quickly gett adapted fervid piss from the geothermal reservoir so no fuel is required. 2) Clean source of force- tabu The fuels utilize in ceremonious thermal supply plants produce lots of toxic particle acceleratores and particulate emergence polluting the surrounding atmosphere. Electricity female genital organ be produced from geothermal reservoir with pop creating either zephyr-pollution. 3) Less ara is required The land required for the geothermal power plant per megawatt of power produced is a great deal lesser than that required for the other types of power plants. 4) Unhindered production of power The energy from geothermal reservoir is getable 24 hours a day and totally the days of the year without some(prenominal) breakage or change du bounce varying seasons, ingrained disaster and policy-making turmoil. Thus geothermal energy is the reliable source for producing electricity interminably without any hindrance.Parts of a Geothermal Power PlantGeothermal Vents The geothermal vol merchant shipo is the source factor of a geothermal plant. A geothermal vent is a muddy wellhead cut into the Earth that the power plant uses to pee tap into the Earths disturb. A geothermal plant whitethorn have two goals for its vent most current geothermal plants raft super light uped, pressurized urineupward these atomic number 18 called flash travel plants. Geothermal plants may also simply scape far enough subway, as many as three kilometers, to decease a point where the Earth is warm enough to boil water, these ar called ironic move vents. Steam GeneratorAnother samara component of a geothermal plant is the moveererer production building block, which can take multiple forms. In a flash steam vent, super lovingnessed pressurized water is drawn from its place under instal to low-pressure tanks. The pressure of the Earth kept the water in limpid form despite its h igh temperature, and by removing that pressure the hot water instantly turns to steam, hence the term flash steam. In a dry steam plant, the plant technicians pump water to the bottom of the vent where the Earths heat boils the water and turns it into steam.TurbineRegardless of the plant type, both flash steam and dry steam plants pump the steam from the geothermal vent to a large turbine. The steam passes this turbine, turning it in the process. This turbine is attached to an electric origin, and as the turbine turns the origin turns the robotlike energy into electric energy, thus converting the heat from the Earth into usable electricity.CondenserAfter the steam passes with the turbine, it continues to a optical condenser chamber. This chamber condenses the steam back into fluid water by assurednessing it. The excess heat mazed as the steam turns to liquid state water may be use for other applications, such as thawing or greenhouse farming. The cooled liquid water is con sequently typically pumped back into the ground to either start the boiling process for dry steam or to replenish the natural heated aquifer for flash steam plants.Disadvantages of Geothermal EnergyGeothermal energy is a key contender for future electricity production in various countries crossways the globe. This however, doesnt mean that geothermal energy comes without its disadvantages, many of which ar explained below.The Disadvantages AvailabilityThe availability of geothermal energy that is capable of alimentation geothermal power move is limited. This impatient energy source is much only available in countries where geothermal activity is at its peak, mainly tectonic/volcanic regions such as Iceland. Significant Investment Required A significant investment is often required prior to building a geothermal power station. geological surveys have to be undertaken to ensure the location is suitable for geothermal electricity production before any potential installation wo rk can go ahead. Its often costly to transport any required materials to contradictory locations where there is sufficient geothermal activity.Harmful Gas Potential Geothermal power displace have the potential to release poisonous gases into the telephone circuit. Toxic gases live cryptical beneath the ground in various regions and can sometimes be released via the infrastructure apply by geothermal power stations. almost modern geothermal power plants have systems and procedures in places to deal with these harmful gases. Localised Supply As geothermal is trapped beneath our feet, we cannot make handsome, enclose and transport this energy source to other countries as we do with dodo fuels such as oil, char and gas. Geothermal energy has to be used at source to generate electricity, thus providing a supply of electricity for the electrical grid system of only the source country.The Steam raft Stop Geothermal power stations have the potential to cool the rocks beneat h them buried deep under the ground. If the rocks be cooled via too much water flowing into the well, they depart no desireer be able to produce the steam required to turn a generator, thus translation a site useless and resulting in significant losses for any company making use of geothermal energy at that location. ocular Pollution Geothermal power stations, as with many other power station designs can be unsightly and render visual pollution. Net plant of metro systems have to be employ for production purposes and many people argon opposed to the sight of these. Advantages of Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is astray con situationred as a key contender for future electricity production in various corners of the earth. Countries including Iceland, the USA and New Zealand already imbibe use of this renewable energy source to put forward electricity on a significant scale. There are many advantages relating to the use of geothermal energy and these are describedbelo w. The AdvantagesEnvironmentally Friendly Geothermal energy is a renewable energy source thats super environmentally friendly. Little disruption is make to the environment as a result of the various processes that are used to harness this energy source in order to provide electricity. a few(prenominal) chemicals and pollutants feature in geothermal electricity production. Highly Efficient Geothermal energy is highly efficient and can be used to provide electricity in select areas or even to provide heating for our homes and business on a much wider scale via the use of ground source heat pumps.Cost Effective As geothermal power stations are relatively miniature and less complex than large fossil fuel alternatives, they are highly cost effective, especially when they are shake off in areas of high geological/tectonic activity where magma is closer to the earths crust when compared with other locations. Job Creation The introduction of geothermal energy systems on both an ind ustrial and domestic scale has helped to boost jobs in many different countries. This is a key advantage for areas that may have already been experiencing job shortages. Land Value Another advantage of geothermal energy and tied into the cost effectiveness of this energy source is land value.Geothermal power stations are often placed in areas of high geological activity where land values may be low due to obvious reasons. This helps to provide cost savings for energy companies that wish to make use of geothermal activity. Almost Infinite Although geothermal activity in a particular area is actually finite, this is likely to be available for anywhere amid 5,000 and 1,000,000 years. This huge time scale message geothermal energy is almost infinite and will be able to long live out many fossil fuel alternatives. Always On As long as geothermal activity is pre manoeuver in a particular region, this energy source will always be on and will be f pedigreely constant.This means that unlike solar, wind, dither and tidal alternatives, geothermal energy can provide continuous electricity production whatever the weather. Very Quiet Another significant advantage of geothermal energy is how quiet it can be. Geothermal energy is the electric car of power stations and is likely to provide little disagreement pollution to border onby residents. Geothermal Power PlantA geothermal power plant uses its geothermal activity to generate power. This type of natural energy production is extremely environmentally friendly and used in many geothermal hot spots around the globe. To harness the energy, deep holes are drilled into the earth (much like when drilling for oil) until a significant geothermal hot spot is found. When the heat source has been discovered, a pipe is attached deep grim inside the hole which allows hot steam from deep inwardly the earths crust to rise up to the open. The pressurized steam is then channeled into a turbine which begins to turn under the l arge force of the steam. This turbine is linked to the generator and so the generator also begins to turn, generating electricity.We then pump cold water down a new pipe which is heated by the earth and then sent back up the first pipe to repeat the process. The main problems with geothermal energy is that firstly, you must not pump too much cold water into the earth, as this could could cool the rocks too much, resulting in your geothermal heat source modify system system down. secondly, geothermal power plants must be painstaking of escaping gases from deep wi load the earth. We suggest if you would like to learn much on this topic, you take a look at our advantages of geothermal energy, and our disadvantages of geothermal energy articles.A very good way of thinking about geothermal energy is remembering that all our continents lie on molten rock deep within the earth, this rock produces tremendous levels of heat that we are able to extract, besides think of your nation lyi ng on a bed of fire. Geothermal power is one of the most renewable energy sources that exists on our major planet today, the earth will demand this heat for our lifetime. If this heat disappears, our planet will become too cold to survive on.You can purchase small scale geothermal equipment for your home yet this works in a different manner to geothermal power stations. The power stations extract the heat directly from deep within the earth, whereas home geothermal hot water equipment absorbs heat over a aloofnessy period of time from a few meters beneath your feet.Main parts of the plant are1. Coal conveyer belt 2. Stoker 3. Pulverizer 4. Boiler 5. Coal ash 6. Air preheater 7. Electrostatic precipitator 8. Smoke survey 9. Turbine 10. Condenser 11. Transformers 12. Cooling towers 13. Generator 14. High votge power linesBasic Operation A thermal power plant basically works onRankine cycle. Coal conveyor This is a belt type of recording.With this coal is transported from coal s torage place in power plant to the place near by boiler. Stoker The coal which is brought near by boiler has to put in boiler furnance for electrocution.This stoker is a mechanic machination for ease uping coal to a furnace.Pulverizer The coal is put in the boiler aft(prenominal) pulverization.For this pulverizer is used.A pulverizer is a gizmo for grinding coal for combustion in a furnace in a power plant.Types of Pulverizers clunk and subway Mill Ball mill is a pulverizer that consists of a horizontal rotating cylinder, up to three diameters in length, containing a charge of tumbling or cascading steel balls, pebbles, or rods. Tube mill is a revolving cylinder of up to five diameters in length used for fine pulverization of ore, rock, and other such materials the material, mixed with water, is feed into the chamber from one end, and passes out the other end as slime. family and BallThis type consists of two rings separated by a serial of large balls. The lower ring di slocates, while the upper ring presses down on the balls via a set of spring and adjuster assemblies. Coal is introduced into the eye or side of the pulverizer (depending on the design) and is ground as the lower ring rotates causing the balls to orbit in the midst of the upper and lower rings. The coal is carried out of the mill by the flow of stock moving with it. The size of it of the coal particals released from the grinding section of the mill is determined by a classifer separator. These mills are typically produced by B&W (Babcock and Wilcox).Boiler directly that pulverized coal is put in boiler furnance.Boiler is an enclosed vas in which water is heated and circulated until the water is turned in to steam at the required pressure.Coal is burned inside the combustion chamber of boiler.The products of combustion are nothing but gases.These gases which are at high temperature melt the water inside the boiler to steam.Some times this steam is further heated in a superhe ateras higher the steam pressure and temperature the greater competency the engine will have in converting the heat in steam in to mechanical work. This steam at high pressure and tempeture is used directly as a heating medium, or as the operative fluid in a prime mover to convert thermal energy to mechanical work, which in turn may be converted to electrical energy. Although other fluids are sometimes used for these purposes, water is by far the most common because of its economy and suitable thermodynamic characteristics.Classification of Boilers Bolilers are sort asFire tube boilers In fire tube boilers hot gases are passed through and through the tubes and water surrounds these tubes. These aresimple,compact and rugged in construction.Depending on whether the tubes are vertical or horizontal these are further classified as vertical and horizontal tube boilers.In this since the water volume is much,circulation will be poor.So they cant meet quickly the changes in steam deman d.High pressures of steam are not possible, maximal pressure that can be unwraped is about 17.5kg/sq cm.Due to large meter of water in the drain it requires more time for steam raising.The steam attained is generally wet,economical for low pressures.The outut of the boiler is also limited.Water tube boilers In these boilers water is inside the tubes and hot gases are outside the tubes.They consists of drums and tubes. .They may contain any number of drums (you can see 2 drums in fig).Feed water enters the boiler to one drum (here it is drum below the boiler).This water circulates through the tubes connected external to drums.Hot gases which surrounds these tubes wil convert the water in tubes in to steam.This steam is passed through tubes and collected at the top of the drum since it is of light weight.So the drums store steam and water (upper drum).The entiresteam is collected in one drum and it is taken out from there (see in laout fig).As the movement of water in the water tub es is high, so rate of heat transfer also becomes high resulting in greater ability.They produce high pressure , substantially accessible and can respond quickly to changes in steam demand.These are also classified as vertical,horizontal and inclined tube depending on the arrangement of the tubes.These are of less weight and less liable to explosion.Large heating surfaces can be obtained by use of large number of tubes.We can attain pressure as high as 125 kg/sq cm and temperatures from 315 to 575 centigrade.Superheater Most of the modern boliers are having superheater and reheater arrangement. Superheater is a component of a steam-generating unit in which steam, subsequently it has left the boiler drum, is heated above its fertilization temperature. The amount of superheat added to the steam is in flue pipenced by the location, arrangement, and amount of superheater surface installed, as well as the rating of the boiler. The superheater may consist of one or more stages of tub e banks arranged to effectively transfer heat from the products of combustion.Superheaters are classified as convection , radiant or combination of these.Reheater Some of the heat of superheated steam is used to rotate the turbine where it loses some of its energy.Reheater is also steam boiler component in which heat is added to this intermediate-pressure steam, which has given up some of its energy in expansion through the high-pressure turbine. The steam after reheating is used to rotate the second steam turbine (see Layout fig) where the heat is converted to mechanical energy.This mechanical energy is used to run the alternator, which is coupled to turbine , there by generating elecrical energy.Condenser Steam after rotating staem turbine comes to condenser.Condenser refers here to the shell and tube heat exchanger (or surface condenser) installed at the outlet of every steam turbine in Thermal power stations of utility companies generally. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state, also known as phase transition. In so doing, the potential heat of steam is given out inside thecondenser. Where water is in short supply an air cooled condenser is often used. An air cooled condenser is however significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine backpressure (and therefore less efficient) as a surface condenser.The purpose is to condense the outlet (or unblock) steam from steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency and also to get the condensed steam in the form of pure water, otherwise known as condensate, back to steam generator or (boiler) as boiler feed water.Why it is required ?The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical power. The difference between the heat of steam per unit weight at the inlet to turbine and the heat of steam per unit weight at the outlet to turbine represents the heat given out (or heat drop) in the steam turbine which is conv erted to mechanical power. The heat drop per unit weight of steam is also measured by the word enthalpy drop. Therefore the more the conversion of heat per jampack (or kilogram) of steam to mechanical power in the turbine, the better is its performance or otherwise known as efficiency.By condensing the stick steam of turbine, the exhaust pressure is brought down below atmosphericalalal pressure from above atmospheric pressure, increasing the steam pressure drop between inlet and exhaust of steam turbine. This further reduction in exhaust pressure gives out more heat per unit weight of steam input to the steam turbine, for conversion to mechanical power. Most of the heat liberated due to condensing, i.e., latent heat of steam, is carried away by the cooling medium. (water inside tubes in a surface condenser, or droplets in a spray condenser (Heller system) or air around tubes in an air-cooled condenser).Condensers are classified as (i) Jet condensers or turn over condensers (ii) S urface condensers. In jet condensers the steam to be condensed mixes with the cooling water and the temperature of the condensate and the cooling water is equivalent when leaving the condenser and the condensate cant be recalled for use as feed water to the boiler heat transfer is by direct conduction.In surface condensers there is no direct contact between the steam to be condensed and the circulating cooling water. There is a wall interposed between them through heat must be convectively transferred.The temperature of the condensate may be higher than the temperature of the cooling water at outlet and the condnsate is recovered as feed water to the boiler.Both the cooling water and the condensate are separetely with drawn.Because of this advantage surface condensers are used in thermal power plants.Final output signal of condenser is water at low temperature is passed to high pressure feed water heater,it is heated and again passed as feed water to the boiler.Since we are passi ng water at high temperature as feed water the temperature inside the boiler does not dcrease and boiler efficincy also maintained.Cooling Towers The condensate (water) make in the condeser after condensation is initially at high temperature.This hot water is passed to cooling towers.It is a tower- or building-like device in which atmospheric air (the heat receiver) circulates in direct or indirect contact with warmer water (the heat source) and the water is thereby cooled (see illustration). A cooling tower may serve as the heat sink in a conventional thermodynamic process, such as refrigeration or steam power generation, and when it is convenient or desirable to make last(a) heat rejection to atmospheric air. Water, acting as the heat-transfer fluid, gives up heat to atmospheric air, and thus cooled, is recirculated through the system, affording economical operation of the process.Two basic types of cooling towers are commonly used. One transfers the heat from warmer water to co oler air mainly by an evaporation heat-transfer process and is known as theevaporative or wet cooling tower.Evaporative cooling towers are classified according to the means employed for producing air circulation through thematmospheric, natural draft, and mechanical draft. The other transfers the heat from warmer water to cooler air by a raw heat-transfer process and is known as the nonevaporative or dry cooling tower.Nonevaporative cooling towers are classified as air-cooled condensers and as air-cooled heat exchangers, and are further classified by the means used for producing air circulation through them. These two basic types are sometimes combined, with the two cooling processes generally used in parallel or separately, and are then known as wet-dry cooling towers.Evaluation of cooling tower performance is found on cooling of a specified quantity of water through a given range and to a specified temperature approach to the wet-bulb or dry-bulb temperature for which the tower is designed. Because exact design conditions are rarely experienced in operation, estimated performance curves are frequently prepared for a specific installation, and provide a means for comparing the measured performance with design conditions.Economiser fluke gases coming out of the boiler carry lot of heat.Function of economiser is to recover some of the heat from the heat carried away in the flue gases up the chimney and utilize for heating the feed water to the boiler.It is placed in the passage of flue gases in between the exit from the boiler and the first appearance to the chimney.The use of economiser results in saving in coal employment , increase in steaming rate and high boiler efficiency but needs extra investment and increase in bread and butter costs and floor area required for the plant.This is used in all modern plants.In this a large number of small diameter thin walled tubes are placed between two headers.Feed water enters the tube through one header and lea ves through the other.The flue gases flow out side the tubes usually in counter flow.Air preheater The remaining heat of flue gases is utilised by air preheater.It is a device used in steam boilers to transfer heat from the flue gases to the combustion air before the air enters the furnace. Also known as air heater air-heating system. It is not shown in the lay out.But it is kept at a place near by where the air enters in to the boiler. The purpose of the air preheater is to recover the heat from the flue gas from the boiler to improve boiler efficiency by ruin warm air which increases combustion efficiency, and cut down useful heat lost from the flue.As a consequence, the gases are also sent to the chimney or stack at a lowertemperature, allowing simplified design of the ducting and stack. It also allows work over the temperature of gases leaving the stack (to meet emissions regulations, for example).After extracting heat flue gases are passed to elctrostatic precipitator. Elec trostatic precipitator It is a device which removes dust or other finely divided particles from flue gases by charging the particles inductively with an electric field, then attracting them to highly charged collector plates. Also known as precipitator. The process depends on two steps.In the first step the suspension passes through an electric flatten (corona discharge) area where ionization of the gas occurs. The ions produced collide with the suspended particles and confer on them an electric charge. The charged particles drift toward an electrode of opposite sign and are deposited on the electrode where their electric charge is neutralized. The phenomenon would be more correctly designated as electrodeposition from the gas phase. The use of electrostatic precipitators has become common in numerous industrial applications.Among the advantages of the electrostatic precipitator are its ability to handle large volumes of gas, at elevated temperatures if necessary, with a reasonabl y small pressure drop, and the removal of particles in the micrometer range. Some of the usual applications are (1) removal of dirt from flue gases in steam plants (2) cleaning of air to remove fungi and bacteria in establishments producing antibiotics and other drugs, and in operating rooms (3) cleaning of air in ventilation and air conditioning systems (4) removal of oil mists in machine shops and acid mists in chemical process plants (5) cleaning of peg furnace gases (6) recovery of valuable materials such as oxides of copper, lead, and tin and (7) separation of rutile from atomic number 40 sand. Smoke stack A chimney is a system for ventilate hot flue gasesor smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outsideatmosphere.They are typically almost vertical to ensure that the hot gases flow smoothly, move air into the combustion through the chimney effect (also known as the stack effect). The space inside a chimney is called a flue. Chimneys may be found in buildings , steam locomotives and ships. In the US, the termsmokestack (colloquially, stack) is also used when referring to locomotive chimneys. The term funnel is generally used for ship chimneys and sometimes used to refer to locomotive chimneys.Chimneys are tall to increase their draw of air for combustion andto disperse pollutants in the flue gases over a greater area so as to reduce the pollutant concentrations in conformance with regulatory or other limits. Generator An alternator is an electromechanical device that converts mechanical energy to alternating current electrical energy. Most alternators use a rotating magnetic field. Different geometries such as a linear alternator for use with stirling engines are also occasionally used. In principle, any AC generator can be called an alternator, but usually the word refers to small rotating machines control by automotive and other internal combustion engines.Transformers It is a device that transfers electric energy from one alterna ting-current circuit to one or more other circuits, either increasing (stepping up) or reducing (stepping down) the potency. Uses for transformers include reducing the line voltage to operate low-voltage devices (doorbells or toy electric trains) and raising the voltage from electric generators so that electric power can be transmitted over long distances. Transformers act through electromagnetic induction current in the primary coil induces current in the secondary coil. The secondary voltage is calculated by multiplying the primary voltage by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary coil to that in the primary. To see the complete operation of the plant in flash musician Click here